Extreme Networks Inc (EXTR) SEC Annual Report (10-K) for 2016

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016

OR

For the transition period from              to             .

Commission file number 000-25711

Extreme Networks, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (408) 579-2800

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common stock, $0.001 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes   o     No   x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes   o     No   x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x     No   o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   x     No   o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check One):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   o     No   x

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was approximately $302.9 million as of December 31, 2015, the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the per share closing price of the Registrant's common stock as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market reported on such date.  For purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held or controlled by executive officers and directors of the registrant and by persons who hold more than 5% of the outstanding shares of common stock have been treated as shares held by affiliates. This calculation does not reflect a determination that certain persons are affiliates of the Registrant for any other purpose.

106,388,401 shares of the Registrant's Common stock, $.001 par value, were outstanding as of August 26, 2016.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

EXTREME NETWORKS, INC.

FORM 10-K

INDEX

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FORWARD LOOKIN G STATEMENTS

Except for historical information contained herein, certain matters included in this annual report on Form 10-K are, or may be deemed to be forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933. The words "will," "may," "designed to," "believe," "should," "anticipate," "plan," "expect," "intend," "estimate" and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report. These forward-looking statements are contained principally under Item 1, "Business," and under Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," but may also be in other sections of this annual report on Form 10-K. Because these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results could differ materially from the expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements include those described in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." In addition, new risks emerge from time to time and it is not possible for management to predict all such risk factors or to assess the impact of such risk factors on our business. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

PART I

Item1. Business

Overview

Extreme Networks, Inc., together with its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as "Extreme" and as "we", "us" and "our") is a leader in providing software-driven networking solutions for enterprise customers. Providing a combined end-to-end solution from the data center to the access point, Extreme designs, develops and manufactures wired and wireless network infrastructure equipment and develops the software for network management, policy, analytics, security and access controls. We strive to help our customers and partners Connect Beyond the Network by building world-class software and network infrastructure solutions that solve the wide range of problems faced by information technology ("IT") departments.

The Internet of Things ("IoT") and the evolution of the cloud have made reliable and secure Internet connections increasingly critical to business success.  In this time of rapid changes and market shifts, delivering a focused value proposition based on automation, simplicity, high quality solutions and world class customer support is vitally important. As the volume and the demands of users, applications, data and devices on networks continue to increase, Extreme stands ready to help our customers address the ever-evolving demands of the business.

We seek to differentiate ourselves in the market by delivering a value proposition based on a software-driven approach to network management, control and analytics.

Our key points of differentiation include:

Extreme sells products primarily through an ecosystem of channel partners which combine our Ethernet, wireless and management and software analytics products with their vertical-specific offerings to create IT solutions for end user customers.

On October 31, 2013, we completed the acquisition of Enterasys Networks, Inc. ("Enterasys"), a privately held provider of wired and wireless network infrastructure and security solutions, whereby Enterasys became our wholly-owned subsidiary. The combined entity immediately became a networking industry leader with more than 14,000 customers. As network switching leaders in enterprise, datacenter and cloud, Extreme and Enterasys together combine and extend their world-class products and technologies to provide customers with some of the most advanced, high performance and open solutions in the market as well as a superb overall customer experience. The combination of Extreme and Enterasys is significant in that it brings together two companies with distinct strengths addressing the key areas of the network, from unified wired and wireless edge, to the enterprise core, to the data center and cloud. With an open software approach, we can drive product innovations and customers will benefit from the increased resources and larger scale.

Industry Background

The networking industry appears to be invigorated by a wave of technological change:

Extreme's strategy, product portfolio and research and development are closely aligned with what we have identified as the following trends in our industry:

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The Extreme Strategy

In today's BYOD world, the proliferation of mobile users and devices within a campus or across continents has increased the challenge of operating and managing a network.  IT has rapidly evolved from a fixed world to a new world of mobility where everything - people, devices, machines and applications - is in motion. IT now supports end-users with smart phones, tablets, laptops and other wireless peripherals as well as their wired workstations. Users know what they need to be productive, and they expect the network to help them achieve productivity, as such, they are beginning to define the services that must be offered for these devices so they are able to work on-the-go. The blurring of work and personal applications that must be supported on the network places increasing security demands on our customers.

Extreme delivers software-driven networking solutions designed for the BYOD world, spanning private cloud data centers, the campus and the mobile infrastructure.  Customers deploying our solutions know which users are on the network, what they are requesting and where they are located. They are able to provide customized access to approved resources and content.  Our solutions provide granular visibility and control, higher performance and resource security.

Our strategy is to offer differentiated solutions that deliver a stronger value proposition to customers and offer an alternative to single-sourced, highly-proprietary networking equipment from other companies.  Our commitment to open standards is manifested by demonstrated interoperability within both enterprise and service provider networks, and the active participation in key industry and standards associations.

Key elements of our strategy include:

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Data can be mined to show how applications are being used enabling a better understanding of user behavior on the network, identifying the level of user engagement and assuring business application delivery to optimize the user experience. Application adoption can be tracked to determine the return on investment associated with new application deployment.

Visibility into network and application performance enables our customers to pinpoint and resolve performance bottlenecks in the infrastructure whether they are caused by the network, application or server. This saves both time and money for the business and ensures critical applications are running at the best possible performance.

The value of SDN in the enterprise lies specifically in the ability to provide network virtualization and automation of configuration across the entire network/fabric so new services and end systems can be deployed rapidly and operational cost can be minimized.

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Products

Our software-driven networking products offer resilient high-performance networking, intelligence and operational simplicity for our customers.  We build our products into vertical market solutions for converged campus networks that provide user and device mobility. Data center and cloud administrators are able to virtualize their servers and storage over our high-performance Ethernet infrastructure. Extreme's management software provides visibility, security and intelligent control from the data center to the edge - all through a single pane of glass.

Our product categories include:

During fiscal year 2016, we announced the industry's highest capacity 100G interfaces for the ExtremeSwitching BDX. Our S - Series and K-Series switching deliver flow-based architecture via our CoreFlow2 technology that enable granular visibility and policy control without impacting performance or user experience. These products scale up to 576 ports with Quad Small Form-factor Pluggable, 10GBase-T and SFP+ connectivity options, with built-in hardware support for 10/100/1000, 1GE, 10GE, 40GE, emerging protocols (IPv6) and large-scale deployment protocols such as Multi-Protocol Label Switching ("MPLS").

During the last year, we continued our growth in high-density venue deployments with many new NFL stadiums including the Green Bay Packers, Baltimore Ravens, Carolina Panthers, Jacksonville Jaguars and Cincinnati Bengals. Extreme also signed contracts in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres and the Detroit Red Wings, in the NBA with the Golden State Warriors and in MLB with the Chicago Cubs.

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Competitive alternatives often combine technologies from several vendors resulting in multiple disparate points of management. With Extreme's SDN architecture, centralized management and visibility and control of the network, the solution truly is greater than the sum of the parts, providing high levels of performance and security with the highest levels of operational efficiency.

Key product functionality includes:

EAPS is an example of our innovation and allows our customers to configure their network infrastructure so that critical network communications can be rapidly rerouted in the event of a network outage in most topologies. This level of high-speed communications 'reroute' is targeted for mission-critical and demanding applications, including voice and video, and maintains service delivery in the event of network outage.

We further offer a versatile and flexible QoS solution that allows network operators to configure bandwidth for mission-critical applications and in doing so, control the overall experience and the service-level of the communication flows. We have deep experience with communication quality controls, starting with our introduction to the market of the first broad QoS controls for Ethernet to the recent Data Center Bridging protocols for 'lossless' Ethernet that enables traditional storage networks to converge over a common Ethernet infrastructure.  

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We provide L2 extension for data centers through multiple supported technologi es that include Virtual Extensible LAN, VPLS and Pseudo-Wire Emulation as well as L2 extension with Generic Routing Encapsulation ("GRE"/L2) and Shortest Path Bridging ("SPB") (on the S-Series). In addition to GRE/L2 and SPB on our S-Series, we offer innov ative traffic optimization for east/west and north/south traffic using Fabric routing and Host routing, respectively. This means we can enable Virtual Machine ("VM") mobility using Layer 3 Data Center Interconnect, even without L2 stretch. Our unique CoreF low2 architecture delivers tens of millions of flows for deep visibility and control over users, services and applications to meet the demands of today's businesses applications.

In the campus, our intelligent mobile edge offering combines our ExtremeSwitching edge virtual chassis switches, our ExtremeWireless access point and controller portfolio and our ExtremeManagement & Control platform offering user and device identity awareness.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

We conduct our sales and marketing activities on a worldwide basis through a channel that utilizes distributors, resellers and our field sales organization. As of June 30, 2016, our worldwide sales and marketing organization consisted of 521 employees, including vice presidents, directors, managers, sales representatives, and technical and administrative support personnel. We have domestic sales offices located in 5 states and international sales offices located in 28 countries.

We sell our products primarily through an ecosystem of channel partners who combine our Ethernet, wireless, management and analytics software products with their vertical specific offerings to create compelling information technology solutions for end-user customers. We utilize our field sales organization to support our channel partners and to sell directly to certain end-user customers, including some large global accounts.

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The details of our sales and distribution channels are as follows:

Although we compete in many vertical markets, in fiscal year 2016, we have focused on the specific verticals of healthcare, education, manufacturing, government and hospitality, which includes sports and entertainment venues. Years of experience and a track record of success in the verticals we serve enables us to address the following industry-specific problems.

Healthcare:

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Education:

Manufacturing:

Government:

Hospitality:

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Furthermore, we have decided to focus on the following custom er profiles where we believe we can add the most value:

Customers with 10% of net revenue or greater

The following table sets forth major customers accounting for 10% or more of our net revenue:

International sales

International sales are an important portion of our business. In fiscal 2016, sales to customers outside of the United States accounted for 55% of our consolidated net revenue, compared to 57% in fiscal 2015 and 59% in fiscal 2014. These sales are conducted primarily through foreign-based distributors and resellers managed by our worldwide sales organization. In addition, we have direct sales to end-user customers, including large global accounts.  The primary markets for sales outside of the United States are countries in Europe and Asia, as well as Canada, Mexico, Central America and South America. (See "Net Revenue" in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. )

Marketing

We continue to develop and execute on a number of marketing programs to support the sale and distribution of our products by communicating the value of our solutions to our existing and potential customers, our distribution channels, our resellers and our technology alliance partners.  Our marketing efforts include participation in industry tradeshows, conferences and seminars, publication of technical and educational articles in industry journals, communication across social media channels, frequent updates to our publicly available website, promotions, web-based training courses, advertising and public relations.  We also submit our products for independent product testing and evaluation.

Backlog

Our products are often sold on the basis of standard purchase orders that are cancelable prior to shipment without significant penalties. In addition, purchase orders are subject to changes in quantities of products and delivery schedules in order to reflect changes in customer requirements and manufacturing capacity. Our business is characterized by seasonal variability in demand and short lead-time orders and delivery schedules. Actual shipments depend on the then-current capacity of our contract manufacturers and the availability of materials and components from our vendors.  Although we believe that the orders included in the backlog are firm, all orders are subject to possible rescheduling by customers, cancellations by customers which we may elect to allow without penalty to customer, and further pricing adjustments on orders from distributors.  Therefore, we do not believe that our backlog, as of any particular date is necessarily indicative of actual revenue for any future period.

Our product backlog at June 30, 2016, net of anticipated back end rebates for distributor sales, was $26.8 million, compared to $14.8 million at June 30, 2015.

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Seasonality

Like many of our competitors, we historically have experienced seasonal fluctuations in customer spending patterns, which generally adversely affect our first and third fiscal quarters. This pattern should not be relied upon or be considered indicative of our future performance, however, as it has varied in the past.

Customer Service and Support

Our customers seek high reliability and maximum uptime for their networks. To that extent, we provide the following service offerings:

Long-Lived Assets

See Note 3 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information regarding our long-lived assets.

Manufacturing

We outsource the majority of our manufacturing and supply chain management operations as part of our strategy to maintain global manufacturing capabilities and to reduce our costs. We conduct quality assurance, manufacturing engineering, document control and test development at engineering facilities at Research Triangle Park ("RTP"), North Carolina, Salem, New Hampshire, Toronto, Canada and Chennai, India. This approach enables us to reduce fixed costs and to flexibly respond to changes in market demand. Our end-to-end supply chain, including our three engineering facilities at  RTP and Chennai are all ISO 9001 certified.

We use Alpha Networks, Inc. ("Alpha Networks") headquartered in Hsinchu, Taiwan to design and manufacture our Summit, A-Series, B-Series, C-Series, Stackable products, G-Series, D-Series, I-Series and 800-Series Standalone products and Black Diamond chassis products. Alpha Networks is a global networking Original/Joint Design Manufacturer ("ODM/JDM") leader with core competencies in areas such as Ethernet, LAN/MAN, Wireless, Broadband and VoIP.  Alpha Networks manufacturing processes and procedures are ISO 9001 certified.

We use Benchmark Electronics, Inc. ("Benchmark") headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama and Flextronics International ("Flextronics") headquartered in Singapore, to manufacture our S-Series and K-Series chassis products, 7100-Series Stackable products and SSA Standalone products.  Benchmark and Flextronics have a significant investment in capital to ensure they have the latest in manufacturing and test technologies and both companies are ISO 9001 certified.

Our wireless access point products are supplied by Senao Electronics ("Senao"), headquartered in Taipei, Taiwan.  Senao's manufacturing processes and procedures are ISO 9001 certified.

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All of our manufacturers utilize automated testing equipment to perform product testing and burn-in with specified tests. Together we rely upon comp rehensive inspection testing and statistical process controls to assure the quality and reliability of our products.

We use a collaborative sales and operations planning forecast of expected demand to determine our material requirements. Lead times for materials and components vary significantly, and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. We order most of our materials and components on an indirect basis through our ODM/JDM, OEMs and contract manufacturers' ("CMs"). Purchase commitments with all of our manufacturers are generally on a purchase order basis.

Research and Development

The success of our products to date is due in large part to our focus on research and development. We believe that continued success in the marketplace will depend on our ability to develop new and enhanced products employing leading-edge technology. Accordingly, we plan to undertake development efforts with an emphasis on increasing the reliability, performance and features of our family of products, and designing innovative products to reduce the overall network operating costs of customers.

Our product development activities focus on solving the needs of customers in the enterprise campus by providing an end-to-end, wired and wireless network solution from the access edge to the private clouds in targeted verticals. Current activities include the continuing development of our innovative switching technology aimed at extending the capabilities of our products. Our ongoing research activities cover a broad range of areas, including, in particular, 40G and 100G Ethernet, routing, timing and resiliency protocols, open standards interfaces, software defined networks, network security, identity management, data center fabrics, and wireless networking.

We plan to continue to enhance the functionality of our modular operating systems which have been designed to provide high reliability and availability. This allows us to leverage a common operating system across different hardware and network chipsets.

As of June 30, 2016, our research and development organization consisted of 402 employees. Research and development efforts are conducted in several of our locations, including RTP, North Carolina; Salem, New Hampshire, Toronto, Canada and Chennai, India. Our research and development expenses in fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $78.7 million, $93.4 million and $77.1 million, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights.  As of June 30, 2016, we had 363 issued patents in the United States and 183 patents outside of the United States.  The expiration dates of our issued patents in the United States range from 2017 to approximately 2032.  Although we have patent applications pending, there can be no assurance that patents will be issued from pending applications or that claims allowed on any future patents will be sufficiently broad to protect our technology.  With respect to trademarks, we have a number of pending and registered trademarks in the United States and outside the United States.

We enter into confidentiality, inventions assignment or license agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties with whom we do business, and control access to, and distribution of, our software, documentation and other proprietary information.  In addition, we provide our software products to end-user customers primarily under "shrink-wrap" or "click-through" license agreements.  These agreements are not negotiated with or signed by the licensee, and thus these agreements may not be enforceable in some jurisdictions.  Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products or technology, particularly in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States.

Competition

The market for network switches, routers and software (including analytics) which is part of the broader market for networking equipment is extremely competitive and characterized by rapid technological progress, frequent new product introductions, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards.  We believe the principal competitive factors in this market are:

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We believe we compete with our competitors with respect to many of the foregoing factors. However, the market for network switching solutions is dominated by a few large companies, particularly Brocade Communications Systems, Inc., Cisco Systems, Inc., Dell, Hewlett-Packard Company, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., and Juniper Networks Inc. Most of these competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases, broader product lines and substantially greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources.

Restructuring

2015 Restructuring Plan Phase 1

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, we initiated a plan to reduce costs through targeted restructuring activities intended to reduce operating costs and realign our organization in the current competitive environment. We initiated a plan to reduce our worldwide headcount by more than 225 employees, primarily in sales and marketing as well as research and development, consolidate specific global administrative functions, and shift certain operating costs to lower cost regions in the United States, among other actions. 

Phase 2

During fiscal 2016, we continued our initiative to realign our operations with a second phase by abandoning excess facilities, primarily in San Jose, California; Salem, New Hampshire; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in addition to other smaller leased locations. The abandoned facilities represented approximately 32% of the floor space in the aggregate at these locations and included general office and warehouse space. There may be additional abandonments of excess facilities in future periods as we further align our organization to our business and operational needs.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various environmental and other regulations governing product safety, materials usage, packaging and other environmental impacts in the United States and in various countries where our products are manufactured and sold.  We are also subject to regulatory developments, including recent SEC disclosure regulations relating to so-called "conflict minerals," relating to ethically responsible sourcing of the components and materials used in our products.  To date, compliance with federal, state, local, and foreign laws enacted for the protection of the environment has had no material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings, or competitive position.

We are committed to energy efficiency in our product lines. Accordingly, we believe this is an area that affords us a competitive advantage for our products in the marketplace. We maintain compliance with various regulations related to the environment, including the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment and the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment regulations adopted by the European Union. To date, our compliance efforts with various United States and foreign regulations related to the environment has not had a material effect on our operating results.

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Employees

As of June 30, 2016, we employed 1,378 people, including 521 in sales and marketing, 402 in research and development, 174 in operations, 190 in customer support and services, and 91 in finance and administration. We have never had a work stoppage and no U.S. employees are represented under collective bargaining agreements. We consider our employee relations to be good.

We believe our future success depends on our continued ability to attract, integrate, retain, train and motivate highly qualified employees, and upon the continued service of our senior management and key employees.  None of our executive officers or key employees is bound by an employment agreement which mandates that the employee render services for any specific term. The market for qualified personnel is highly competitive.

Organization

We were incorporated in California in May 1996, and reincorporated in Delaware in March 1999. Our corporate headquarters are located at 145 Rio Robles, San Jose, CA 95134 and our telephone number is (408) 579-2800.  We electronically file our SEC disclosure reports with the SEC and they are available free of charge at both www.sec.gov and www.extremenetworks.com.  The public may also read or copy any materials we file with the Securities Exchange Commission at the SEC's Public Reference Room at Station Place, 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549.  The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

Our corporate governance guidelines, the charters of our audit committee, our compensation committee and our nominating and corporate governance committee and our code of conduct policy (including code of ethics provisions that apply to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, controller and senior financial officers) are available on our website at www.extremenetworks.com under "Corporate Governance." These items are also available to any stockholder who requests them by calling (408) 579-2800.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following is a list of risks and uncertainties which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, operations, industry, financial condition, results of operations or future financial performance. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that are not presently known or that are not currently believed to be significant that may adversely affect our business, results of operations, industry, financial position and financial performance in the future

We cannot assure you we will be profitable in the future because a number of factors could negatively affect our financial results.

We have reported losses in each of our two most recent fiscal years. In addition, in years when we reported profits, we were not profitable in each quarter during those years. We anticipate continuing to incur significant sales and marketing, product development and general and administrative expenses. Any delay in generating or recognizing revenue could result in a loss for a quarter or full year. Even if we are profitable, our operating results may fall below our expectations and those of our investors, which could cause the price of our stock to fall.

We may experience challenges or delays in generating or recognizing revenue for a number of reasons and our revenue and operating results have varied significantly in the past and may vary significantly in the future due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

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Due to the foregoing factors, period-to-period comparisons of our operating results should not be relied upon as an indicator of our future performance.

The global economic environment has and may continue to negatively impact our business and operating results.

The challenges and uncertainty currently affecting global economic conditions may negatively impact our business and operating results in the following ways:

If global economic conditions do not show continued improvement, we believe we could experience material adverse impacts to our business and operating results.

We depend upon international sales for a significant portion of our revenue which imposes a number of risks on our business.

International sales constitute a significant portion of our net revenue. Our ability to grow will depend in part on the expansion of international sales. Our international sales primarily depend on the success of our resellers and distributors. The failure of these resellers and distributors to sell our products internationally would limit our ability to sustain and grow our revenue. There are a number of risks arising from our international business, including:

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Substantially all of our international sales are United States dollar-denominated. The continued strength and future increases in the value of the United States dollar relative to foreign currencies could make our products less competitive in international markets. In the future, we may elect to invoice some of our international customers in local currency, which would expose us to fluctuations in exchange rates between the United States dollar and the particular local currency. If we do so, we may decide to engage in hedging transactions to minimize the risk of such fluctuations.

We have entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to offset the impact of payment of operating expenses in local currencies to some of our operating foreign subsidiaries. However, if we are not successful in managing these foreign currency transactions, we could incur losses from these activities.

We expect the average selling price of our products to decrease, which is likely to reduce gross margin and/or revenue.

The network equipment industry has traditionally experienced an erosion of average selling prices due to a number of factors, including competitive pricing pressures, promotional pricing and technological progress. We anticipate the average selling prices of our products will decrease in the future in response to competitive pricing pressures, excess inventories, increased sales discounts and new product introductions by us or our competitors. We may experience decreases in future operating results due to the erosion of our average selling prices. To maintain our gross margin, we must develop and introduce on a timely basis new products and product enhancements and continually reduce our product costs. Our failure to do so will likely cause our revenue and gross margin to decline.

We may not realize anticipated benefits of past or future acquisitions, divestitures, and strategic investments, and the integration of acquired companies or technologies may negatively impact our business and financial results or dilute the ownership interests of our stockholders.

As part of our business strategy, we review acquisition and strategic investment prospects that we believe would complement our current product offerings, augment our market coverage or enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. In the event of any future acquisitions, we could:

These actions could have a material adverse effect on our operating results or the price of our common stock.

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Moreover, even if we do obtain benefits in the form of increased sales and earnings, these benefits may be recognized much later than the time when the expenses associated with an acquisition are incurred. This is particularly relevant in cases where it would be necessary to integrate new types of technology into our existing portfolio and new types of products may be targeted for potential customers with which we do not have pre-existing relationships.

Our ability to realize the anticipated benefits our acquisitions and investment activities also entail numerous risks, including, but not limited to:

We may not be able to successfully integrate any businesses, products, technologies, or personnel that we might acquire in the future, and our failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our senior secured credit facilities impose financial and operating restrictions on us.

Our debt instruments impose, and the terms of any future debt may impose, operating and other restrictions on us. These restrictions could affect, and in many respects limit or prohibit, among other items, our ability to:

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The agreements governin g our senior secured credit facilities also require us to achieve and maintain compliance with specified financial ratios. A breach of any of these restrictive covenants or the inability to comply with the required financial ratios could result in a defaul t under our debt instruments. If any such default occurs, the lenders under our credit agreement may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable. The lenders under our credit agreement also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings. If we are unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under our credit agreement will have the right to proceed aga inst the collateral granted to them to secure the debt. If the debt under our credit agreement were to be accelerated, we cannot give assurance that this collateral would be sufficient to repay our debt.

If we fail to meet our payment or other obligations under our senior secured credit facility, the lenders under such senior secured credit facility could foreclose on, and acquire control of, substantially all of our assets.

Our credit agreement is jointly and severally guaranteed by us and certain of our subsidiaries. Borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities are secured by liens on substantially all of our assets, including the capital stock of certain of our subsidiaries, and the assets of our subsidiaries that are loan party guarantors. If we are unable to repay outstanding borrowings when due, the lenders under our credit agreement will have the right to proceed against this pledged capital stock and take control of substantially all of our assets.

We purchase several key components for products from single or limited sources and could lose sales if these suppliers fail to meet our needs.

We currently purchase several key components used in the manufacturing of our products from single or limited sources and are dependent upon supply from these sources to meet our needs. Certain components such as tantalum capacitors, SRAM, DRAM, and printed circuit boards, have been in the past, and may in the future be, in short supply. We have encountered, and are likely in the future to encounter, shortages and delays in obtaining these or other components, and this could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet customer orders. Our principal sole-source components include:

Our principal limited-source components include:

We use our forecast of expected demand to determine our material requirements. Lead times for materials and components we order vary significantly, and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for a component at a given time. If forecasts exceed orders, we may have excess and/or obsolete inventory, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results and financial condition. If orders exceed forecasts, we may have inadequate supplies of certain materials and components, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet customer delivery requirements and to recognize revenue.

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Our top ten suppliers accounted for a significant portion of our pu rchases during the quarter. Given the significant concentration of our supply chain, particularly with certain sole or limited source providers, any significant interruption by any of the key suppliers or a termination of a relationship could temporarily d isrupt our operations.  Additionally, our operations are materially dependent upon the continued market acceptance and quality of these manufacturers' products and their ability to continue to manufacture products that are competitive and that comply with laws relating to environmental and efficiency standards. Our inability to obtain products from one or more of these suppliers or a decline in market acceptance of these suppliers' products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and liquidity.

Generally, we do not have agreements fixing long-term prices or minimum volume requirements from suppliers. From time to time we have experienced shortages and allocations of certain components, resulting in delays in filling orders. Qualifying new suppliers to compensate for such shortages may be time-consuming and costly, and may increase the likelihood of errors in design or production. In addition, during the development of our products, we have experienced delays in the prototyping of our chipsets, which in turn has led to delays in product introductions. Similar delays may occur in the future. Furthermore, the performance of the components as incorporated in our products may not meet the quality requirements of our customers.

Intense competition in the market for networking equipment could prevent us from increasing revenue and attaining profitability.

The market for network switching solutions is intensely competitive and dominated primarily by Brocade Communications Systems, Inc., Cisco Systems Inc., Dell, Hewlett-Packard Company, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd., and Juniper Networks, Inc. Most of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases, broader product lines and substantially greater financial, technical, sales, marketing and other resources. As a result, these competitors are able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their products. In addition, they have larger distribution channels, stronger brand names, access to more customers, a larger installed customer base and a greater ability to make attractive offers to channel partners and customers than we do. Some of our customers may question whether we have the financial resources to complete their projects and future service commitments.

For example, we have encountered, and expect to continue to encounter in the future, many potential customers who are confident in and committed to the product offerings of our principal competitors. Accordingly, these potential customers may not consider or evaluate our products. When such potential customers have considered or evaluated our products, we have in the past lost, and expect in the future to lose, sales to some of these customers as large competitors have offered significant price discounts to secure these sales.

The pricing policies of our competitors impact the overall demand for our products and services. Some of our competitors are capable of operating at significant losses for extended periods of time, increasing pricing pressure on our products and services. If we do not maintain competitive pricing, the demand for our products and services, as well as our market share, may decline. From time to time, we may lower the prices of our products and services in response to competitive pressure. When this happens, if we are unable to reduce our component costs or improve operating efficiencies, our revenue and gross margins will be adversely affected.

We may not fully realize the anticipated positive impacts to future financial results from our restructuring efforts.

We have undertaken restructuring efforts in the past to streamline operations and reduce operating expenses. Our ability to achieve the anticipated cost savings and other benefits from our restructuring efforts within expected time frames is subject to many estimates and assumptions, and may vary materially based on factors such as market conditions and the effect of our restructuring efforts on our work force. These estimates and assumptions are subject to significant economic, competitive and other uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurance that we will fully realize the anticipated positive impacts to future financial results from our current or future restructuring efforts. If our estimates and assumptions are incorrect or if other unforeseen events occur, we may not achieve the cost savings expected from such restructurings, and our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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Industry consolidation may lead to stronger competition and may harm our operating results.

There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in our markets for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. For example, some of our current and potential competitors for enterprise data center business have made acquisitions, or announced new strategic alliances, designed to position them with the ability to provide end-to-end technology solutions for the enterprise data center. Companies that are strategic alliance partners in some areas of our business may acquire or form alliances with our competitors, thereby reducing their business with us. We believe industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors that are better able to compete as sole-source vendors for customers. This could lead to more variability in our operating results and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Furthermore, particularly in the service provider market, rapid consolidation will lead to fewer customers, with the effect that loss of a major customer could have a material impact on results not anticipated in a customer marketplace composed of more numerous participants.

We intend to invest in engineering, sales, services, marketing and manufacturing on a long term basis, and delays or inability to attain the expected benefits may result in unfavorable operating results.

While we intend to focus on managing our costs and expenses, over the long term, we also intend to invest in personnel and other resources related to our engineering, sales, services, marketing and manufacturing functions as we focus on our foundational priorities, such as leadership in our core products and solutions and architectures for business transformation. We are likely to recognize the costs associated with these investments earlier than some of the anticipated benefits and the return on these investments may be lower, or may develop more slowly, than we expect. If we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, or if the achievement of these benefits is delayed, our operating results may be adversely affected.

Our success is dependent on our ability to continually introduce new products and features that achieve broad market acceptance.

The network equipment market is characterized by rapid technological progress, frequent new product introductions, changes in customer requirements and evolving industry standards. If we do not regularly introduce new products in this dynamic environment, our product lines will become obsolete. These new products must be compatible and inter-operate with products and architectures offered by other vendors. We have and may in the future experience delays in product development and releases, and such delays have and could in the future adversely affect our ability to compete and our operating results.

When we announce new products or product enhancements or end of sale existing products that have the potential to replace or shorten the life cycle of our existing products, customers may defer or cancel orders for our existing products. These actions could have a material adverse effect on our operating results by unexpectedly decreasing sales, increasing inventory levels of older products and exposing us to greater risk of product obsolescence.

Even if we introduce new switching products, alternative technologies could achieve widespread market acceptance and displace the Ethernet technology on which we have based our product architecture. For example, developments in routers and routing software could significantly reduce demand for our products. As a result, we may not be able to achieve widespread market acceptance of our current or future products.

If we do not successfully anticipate technological shifts, market needs and opportunities, and develop products and product enhancements that meet those technological shifts, needs and opportunities, or if those products are not made available in a timely manner or do not gain market acceptance, we may not be able to compete effectively and our ability to generate revenues will suffer.

We cannot guarantee that we will be able to anticipate future technological shifts, market needs and opportunities or be able to develop new products or product enhancements to meet such technological shifts, needs or opportunities in a timely manner or at all. For example, the move from traditional network infrastructures towards SDN has been receiving considerable attention. In our view, it will take several years to see the full impact of SDN, and we believe the successful products and solutions in this market will combine hardware and software elements together.  If we fail to anticipate market requirements or fail to develop and introduce new products or product enhancements to meet those needs in a timely manner, it could cause us to lose customers, and such failure could substantially decrease or delay market acceptance and sales of our present and future products, which would significantly harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Even if we are able to anticipate, develop, and commercially introduce new products and enhancements, there can be no assurance that new products or enhancements will achieve widespread market acceptance.

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The cloud networking market is still in its early stages and is rapidly evolving. If this market does not evolve as we anticipate or our target end customers do not adopt our cloud networking solutions, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our ability to generate revenue will suffer.

The cloud networking market is still in its early stages. The market demand for cloud networking solutions has increased in recent years as end customers have deployed larger networks and have increased the use of virtualization and cloud computing. Our success may be impacted by our ability to provide successful cloud networking solutions that address the needs of our channel partners and end customers more effectively and economically than those of other competitors or existing technologies.  If the cloud networking solutions market does not develop in the way we anticipate, if our solutions do not offer significant benefits compared to competing legacy network switching products or if end customers do not recognize the benefits that our solutions provide, then our potential for growth in this cloud market could be adversely affected.

Claims of infringement by others may increase and the resolution of such claims may adversely affect our operating results.

Our industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patents, copyrights (including rights to "open source" software), and other intellectual property rights. Because of the existence of a large number of patents in the networking field, the secrecy of some pending patents and the issuance of new patents at a rapid pace, it is not possible to determine in advance if a product or component might infringe the patent rights of others. Because of the potential for courts awarding substantial damages, the lack of predictability of such awards, and the high legal costs associated with the defense of such patent infringement matters that would be expended to prove lack of infringement, it is not uncommon for companies in our industry to settle even potentially unmeritorious claims for very substantial amounts. Furthermore, the entities with whom we have or could have disputes or discussions include entities with extensive patent portfolios and substantial financial assets. These entities are actively engaged in programs to generate substantial revenue from their patent portfolios and are seeking or may seek significant payments or royalties from us and others in our industry.

Litigation resulting from claims that we are infringing the proprietary rights of others has resulted and could in the future result in substantial costs and a diversion of resources, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We previously received notices from entities alleging that we were infringing their patents, and have been party to patent litigation in the past.

Without regard to the merits of these or any other claims, an adverse court order or a settlement could require us, among other actions, to:

In addition, our products include so-called "open source" software. Open source software is typically licensed for use at no initial charge, but imposes on the user of the open source software certain requirements to license to others both the open source software as well as modifications to the open source software under certain circumstances. Our use of open source software subjects us to certain additional risks for the following reasons:

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We believe even if we do not infringe the rights of others, we will incur significant expenses in the future due to defense of legal claims, disputes or licensing negotiations, though the amounts cannot be determined. These e xpenses may be material or otherwise adversely affect our operating results.

Our operating results may be negatively affected by defending or pursuing claims or lawsuits.

We have in the past, currently are and will likely in the future pursue or be subject to claims or lawsuits in the normal course of our business. In addition to the risks related to the intellectual property lawsuits described above, we are currently parties to other litigation as described in Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Regardless of the result, litigation can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. An unfavorable resolution of a lawsuit in which we are a defendant could result in a court order against us or payments to other parties that would have an adverse affect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Even if we are successful in prosecuting claims and lawsuits, we may not recover damages sufficient to cover our expenses incurred to manage, investigate and pursue the litigation. In addition, subject to certain limitations, we may be obligated to indemnify our current and former customers, suppliers, directors, officers and employees in certain lawsuits. We may not have adequate insurance coverage to cover all of our litigation costs and liabilities.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property, our business could suffer.

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws and restrictions on disclosure to protect our intellectual property rights. However, we cannot ensure that the actions we have taken will adequately protect our intellectual property rights or that other parties will not independently develop similar or competing products that do not infringe on our patents. We generally enter into confidentiality, invention assignment or license agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties with whom we do business, and control access to and distribution of our intellectual property and other proprietary information. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or otherwise misappropriate or use our products or technology, which would adversely affect our business.

When our products contain undetected errors, we may incur significant unexpected expenses and could lose sales.

Network products frequently contain undetected errors when new products or new versions or updates of existing products are released to the marketplace. In the past, we have experienced such errors in connection with new products and product updates. We have experienced component problems in prior years that caused us to incur higher than expected warranty, service costs and expenses, and other related operating expenses. In the future, we expect that, from time to time, such errors or component failures will be found in new or existing products after the commencement of commercial shipments. These problems may have a material adverse effect on our business by causing us to incur significant warranty, repair and replacement costs, diverting the attention of our engineering personnel from new product development efforts, delaying the recognition of revenue and causing significant customer relations problems. Further, if products are not accepted by customers due to such defects, and such returns exceed the amount we accrued for defective returns based on our historical experience, our operating results would be adversely affected.

Our products must successfully inter-operate with products from other vendors. As a result, when problems occur in a network, it may be difficult to identify the sources of these problems. The occurrence of system errors, whether or not caused by our products, could result in the delay or loss of market acceptance of our products and any necessary revisions may cause us to incur significant expenses. The occurrence of any such problems would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our dependence on a few manufacturers for our manufacturing requirements could harm our operating results.

We primarily rely on our manufacturing partners; Alpha Networks, Inc. headquartered in Hsinchu, Taiwan; Senao Networks, Inc. headquartered in Taoyuan, Taiwan; Benchmark Electronics headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama and select other partners to manufacture our products. We have experienced delays in product shipments from our manufacturing partners in the past, which in turn delayed product shipments to our customers. These or similar problems may arise in the future, such as delivery of products of inferior quality, delivery of insufficient quantity of products, or the interruption or discontinuance of operations of a manufacturer, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. In addition, any natural disaster or business interruption to our manufacturing partners could significantly disrupt our business. While we maintain strong relationships with our manufacturing partners, our agreements with these manufacturers are generally of limited duration and pricing, quality and volume commitments are negotiated on a recurring basis. The failure to maintain continuing agreements with our manufacturing partners could adversely affect our business. We intend to introduce new products and product enhancements, which will require that we rapidly achieve volume production by coordinating our efforts with those of our suppliers and contract manufacturers.

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As part of our cost-reduction efforts, we will need to realize lower per unit product costs from our manufacturing partners by means of volume efficiencies and the utilization of manufacturing sites in lower-cost geographies . However, we cannot be certain when or if such price reductions will occur. The failure to obtain such price reductions would adversely affect our operating results.

We must continue to develop and increase the productivity of our indirect distribution channels to increase net revenue and improve our operating results.

Our distribution strategy focuses primarily on developing and increasing the productivity of our indirect distribution channels. If we fail to develop and cultivate relationships with significant channel partners, or if these channel partners are not successful in their sales efforts, sales of our products may decrease and our operating results could suffer. Many of our channel partners also sell products from other vendors that compete with our products. Our channel partners may not continue to market or sell our products effectively or to devote the resources necessary to provide us with effective sales, marketing and technical support. We may not be able to successfully manage our sales channels or enter into additional reseller and/or distribution agreements. Our failure to do any of these could limit our ability to grow or sustain revenue.

Our operating results for any given period have and will continue to depend to a significant extent on large orders from a relatively small number of channel partners and other customers. For example, sales through our top three distributors accounted for 46% of our net sales in the third quarter of fiscal 2016. However, we do not have binding purchase commitments from any of them. A substantial reduction or delay in sales of our products to a significant reseller, distributor or other customer could harm our business, operating results and financial condition because our expense levels are based on our expectations as to future revenue and to a large extent are fixed in the short term. Under specified conditions, some third-party distributors are allowed to return products to us and unexpected returns could adversely affect our results.

The sales cycle for our products is long and we may incur substantial non-recoverable expenses or devote significant resources to sales that do not occur when anticipated.

The purchase of our products represent a significant strategic decision by a customer regarding its communications infrastructure. The decision by customers to purchase our products is often based on the results of a variety of internal procedures associated with the evaluation, testing, implementation and acceptance of new technologies. Accordingly, the product evaluation process frequently results in a lengthy sales cycle, typically ranging from three months to longer than a year, and as a result, our ability to sell products is subject to a number of significant risks, including risks that:

Our revenues may decline as a result of changes in public funding of educational institutions.

A portion of our revenues comes from sales to both public and private K-12 educational institutions. Public schools receive funding from local tax revenue, and from state and federal governments through a variety of programs, many of which seek to assist schools located in underprivileged or rural areas. The funding for a portion of our sales to educational institutions comes from a federal funding program known as the E-Rate program. E-Rate is a program of the Federal Communications Commission that subsidizes the purchase of approved telecommunications, Internet access, and internal connection costs for eligible public educational institutions.  The E-Rate program, its eligibility criteria, the timing and specific amount of federal funding actually available and which Wi-Fi infrastructure and product sectors will benefit, are uncertain and subject to final federal program approval and funding appropriation continues to be under review by the Federal Communications Commission and there can be no assurance that this program or its equivalent will continue, and as a result, our business may be harmed. Furthermore, if state or local funding of public education is significantly reduced because of legislative or policy changes or by reductions in tax revenues due to changing economic conditions, our sales to educational institutions may be negatively impacted by these changed conditions. Any reduction in spending on information technology systems by educational institutions would likely materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. This is a specific example of the many factors which add additional uncertainty to our future revenue from our education end-customers.

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To successfully manage our business or achieve our goals, we must attract, retain, train, motivate, develop and promote key employees, and failure to do so can harm us.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our key management, engineering, sales and marketing, service and operations personnel, many of whom would be difficult to replace. We do not have employment contracts with these individuals that mandate that they render services for any specific term, nor do we carry life insurance on any of our key personnel. We have experienced and may in the future experience significant turnover in our executive personnel. In addition, retention has generally become more difficult for us, in part because the exercise price of most of the stock options granted to many of our employees is above the market price. As a result, we experienced high levels of attrition. We believe our future success will also depend in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled managerial, engineering, sales and marketing, service, finance and operations personnel. The market for these personnel is competitive, and we have had difficulty in hiring employees, particularly engineers, in the time-frame we desire.

Companies in the networking industry whose employees accept positions with competitors frequently claim that competitors have engaged in unfair hiring practices. We have from time to time been involved in claims like this with other companies and, although to date they have not resulted in material litigation, we do not know whether we will be involved in additional claims in the future. We could incur substantial costs in litigating any such claims, regardless of the merits.

Failure to successfully expand our sales and support teams or educate them in regard to technologies and our product families may harm our operating results.

The sale of our products and services requires a concerted effort that is frequently targeted at several levels within a prospective customer's organization. We may not be able to increase net revenue unless we expand our sales and support teams in order to address all of the customer requirements necessary to sell our products.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully integrate employees into our company or to educate and train current and future employees in regard to rapidly evolving technologies and our product families. A failure to do so may hurt our revenue growth and operating results.

Failure of our products to comply with evolving industry standards and complex government regulations may adversely impact our business.

If we do not comply with existing or evolving industry standards and government regulations, we may not be able to sell our products where these standards or regulations apply. The network equipment industry in which we compete is characterized by rapid changes in technology and customers' requirements and evolving industry standards. As a result, our success depends on:

In the past, we have introduced new products that were not compatible with certain technological standards, and in the future, we may not be able to effectively address the compatibility and interoperability issues that arise as a result of technological changes and evolving industry standards.

Our products must also comply with various U.S. federal government regulations and standards defined by agencies such as the Federal Communications Commission, standards established by governmental authorities in various foreign countries and recommendations of the International Telecommunication Union. In some circumstances, we must obtain regulatory approvals or certificates of compliance before we can offer or distribute our products in certain jurisdictions or to certain customers. Complying with new regulations or obtaining certifications can be costly and disruptive to our business.

If we do not comply with existing or evolving industry standards or government regulations, we will not be able to sell our products where these standards or regulations apply, which may prevent us from sustaining our net revenue or achieving profitability.

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If we do not adequately manage and evolve our financial reporting and managerial systems and processes, our ability to manage and grow ou r business may be harmed.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with regulations requires an effective planning and management process. We need to continue improving our existing, and implement new, operational and financial systems, procedures and controls. We need to ensure that any businesses acquired are appropriately integrated in our financial systems. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the integration of acquired businesses, or delay and disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, could harm our ability to record and report financial and management information on a timely and accurate basis, or to forecast future results.

Changes in the effective tax rate including from the release of the valuation allowance recorded against our net U.S. deferred tax assets, or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns or change in ownership, could adversely affect our results.

Our future effective tax rates may be volatile or adversely affected by changes in our business or U.S. or foreign tax laws, including: the partial or full release of the valuation allowance recorded against our net U.S. deferred tax assets; expiration of or lapses in the research and development tax credit laws; transfer pricing adjustments; tax effects of stock-based compensation; or costs related to restructuring. In addition, we are subject to the examination of our income tax returns by the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities. Although we regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes, there is no assurance that such determinations by us are in fact adequate. Changes in our effective tax rates or amounts assessed upon examination of our tax returns may have a material, adverse impact on our cash flows and our financial condition.

Our future effective tax rate in particular could be adversely affected by a change in ownership pursuant to U.S. Internal Revenue Code Section 382. If a change in ownership occurs, it may limit our ability to utilize our net operating losses to offset our U.S. taxable income. If U.S. taxable income is greater than the change in ownership limitation, we will pay a higher rate of tax with respect to the amount of taxable income that exceeds the limitation. This could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations. On April 26, 2012, we adopted an Amended and Restated Rights Agreement to help protect our assets (the "Rights Agreement"). In general, this does not allow a stockholder to acquire more than 4.95% of our outstanding common stock without a waiver from our board of directors, who must take into account the relevant tax analysis relating to potential limitation of our net operating losses. The Rights Agreement is effective through May 31, 2017.

Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law and our adoption of a stockholder rights plan may delay or prevent an acquisition of Extreme, which could decrease the value of our Common Stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us without the consent of our Board of Directors. Delaware law also imposes some restrictions on mergers and other business combinations between us and any holder of 15% or more of our outstanding common stock. In addition, our Board of Directors has the right to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to dilute the stock ownership of a potential hostile acquirer. Although we believe these provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law will provide for an opportunity to receive a higher bid by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our Board of Directors, these provisions apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some of our stockholders.

Our Rights Agreement provides that if a single stockholder (or group) acquires more than 4.95% of our outstanding common stock without a waiver from our Board of Directors, each holder of one share of our common stock (other than the stockholder or group who acquired in excess of 4.95% of our common stock) may purchase a fractional share of our preferred stock that would result in substantial dilution to the triggering stockholder or group. Accordingly, although this plan is designed to prevent any limitation on the utilization of our net operating losses by avoiding issues raised under Section 382 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, the Rights Agreement could also serve as a deterrent to stockholders wishing to effect a change of control.

Compliance with laws, rules and regulations relating to corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses.

Federal securities laws, rules and regulations, as well as NASDAQ Stock Market rules and regulations, require companies to maintain extensive corporate governance measures, impose comprehensive reporting and disclosure requirements, set strict independence and financial expertise standards for audit and other committee members and impose civil and criminal penalties for companies and their Chief Executive Officers, Chief Financial Officers and directors for securities law violations. These laws, rules and regulations and the interpretation of these requirements are evolving, and we are making investments to evaluate current practices and to continue to achieve compliance, which investments may have a material impact on the Company's financial condition.

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Our headquarters and some significant supporting businesses are located in Northern California and other areas subject to natural disasters that could disrupt our operations and harm our business.

Our corporate headquarters are located in Silicon Valley in Northern California. Historically, this region as well as our R&D centers in North Carolina and New Hampshire have been vulnerable to natural disasters and other risks, such as earthquakes, fires, floods and tropical storms, which at times have disrupted the local economy and posed physical risks to our property. We have contract manufacturers located in Taiwan where similar natural disasters and other risks may disrupt the local economy and pose physical risks to our property and the property of our contract manufacturer.

In addition, the continued threat of terrorism and heightened security and military action in response to this threat, or any future acts of terrorism, may cause further disruptions to the economies of the U.S. and other countries. If such disruptions result in delays or cancellations of customer orders for our products, our business and operating results will suffer.

We currently do not have redundant, multiple site capacity in the event of a natural disaster, terrorist act or other catastrophic event. In the event of such an occurrence, our business would suffer.

Our stock price has been volatile in the past and our stock price may significantly fluctuate in the future.

In the past, our common stock price has fluctuated significantly. This could continue as we or our competitors announce new products, our results or those of our customers or competition fluctuate, conditions in the networking or semiconductor industry change, or when investors, change their sentiment toward stocks in the networking technology sector.

In addition, fluctuations in our stock price and our price-to-earnings multiple may make our stock attractive to momentum, hedge or day-trading investors who often shift funds into and out of stock rapidly, exacerbating price fluctuations in either direction, particularly when viewed on a quarterly basis.

We rely on the availability of third-party licenses.

Some of our products are designed to include software or other intellectual property, including open source software, licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various aspects of these products. There can be no assurance that the necessary licenses would be available on acceptable terms, if at all. The inability to obtain certain licenses or other rights or to obtain such licenses or rights on favorable terms, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition. Moreover, the inclusion in our products of software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties on a nonexclusive basis could limit our ability to protect our proprietary rights in our products.  Further, the failure to comply with the terms of any license, including free open source software, may result in our inability to continue to use such license. Our inability to maintain or re-license any third-party licenses required in our products or our inability to obtain third-party licenses necessary to develop new products and product enhancements, could require us, if possible, to develop substitute technology or obtain substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards or at a greater cost, any of which could delay or prevent product shipment and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

System security risks, data protection breaches, and cyber-attacks could compromise our proprietary information, disrupt our internal operations and harm public perception of our products, which could adversely affect our business.

In the ordinary course of business, we store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners on our networks. The secure maintenance of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Increasingly, companies, including Extreme Networks, are subject to a wide variety of attacks on their networks on an ongoing basis. Despite our security measures, Extreme Networks' information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to penetration or attacks by computer programmers and hackers, or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks, creating system disruptions or slowdowns and exploiting security vulnerabilities of our products, and the information stored on our networks could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen, which could subject us to liability to our customers, suppliers, business partners and others, and cause us reputational and financial harm. In addition, sophisticated hardware and operating system software and applications that we produce or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture, including "bugs" and other problems that could unexpectedly interfere with the operation of our networks.

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If an actual or perceived breach of network security occurs in our network or in the network of a customer of our networking products, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to our products, the market perception of the effectiveness of our products could be harmed. In addition, the economic costs to us to eliminate or alleviate cyber or other security problems, bugs, viruses, worms, malicious software systems and security vulnerabilities could be significant and may be difficult to anticipate or measure. Because the techniques used by computer programmers and hackers, many of whom are highly sophisticated and well-funded, to access or sabotage networks change f requently and generally are not recognized until after they are used, we may be unable to anticipate or immediately detect these techniques. This could impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution or other critical functions, which could adversely affect our business.

Market conditions and changes in the industry could lead to discontinuation of our products or businesses resulting in asset impairments.

In response to changes in industry and market conditions, we may be required to strategically realign our resources and consider restructuring, disposing of, or otherwise exiting businesses. Any decision to limit investment in or dispose of or otherwise exit businesses may result in the recording of special charges, such as inventory and technology-related write-offs, workforce reduction costs, charges relating to consolidation of excess facilities, or claims from third parties who were resellers or users of discontinued products. Our estimates with respect to the useful life or ultimate recoverability of our carrying basis of assets, including purchased intangible assets, could change as a result of such assessments and decisions. Although in certain instances, our supply agreements allow us the option to cancel, reschedule, and adjust our requirements based on our business needs prior to firm orders being placed, our loss contingencies may include liabilities for contracts that we cannot cancel with contract manufacturers and suppliers. Further, our estimates relating to the liabilities for excess facilities are affected by changes in real estate market conditions.

If our products do not effectively inter-operate with our customers' networks and result in cancellations and delays of installations our business could be harmed.

Our products are designed to interface with our customers' existing networks, each of which have different specifications and utilize multiple protocol standards and products from other vendors. Many of our customers' networks contain multiple generations of products that have been added over time as these networks have grown and evolved. Our products must inter-operate with many or all of the products within these networks as well as future products in order to meet our customers' requirements. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers' networks, we may need to modify our software networking solutions to fix or overcome these errors so that our products will inter-operate and scale with the existing software and hardware, which could be costly and could negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations. In addition, if our products do not inter-operate with those of our customers' networks, demand for our products could be adversely affected or orders for our products could be canceled. This could hurt our operating results, damage our reputation, and seriously harm our business and prospects.

Regulations related to conflict minerals may cause us to incur additional expenses and could limit the supply and increase the costs of certain metals used in the manufacturing of our products.

As a public company, we are subject to requirements under the  Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, or the Dodd-Frank Act, and the regulations adopted by the SEC as a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, that will require us to perform certain reasonable country of origin inquiry and diligence exercises, and disclose and report on our diligence process and efforts to ascertain whether or not our products may contain "conflict minerals" mined from the Democratic Republic of the Congo or adjoining countries.  The implementation of these new requirements could adversely affect the sourcing, availability and pricing of the materials used in the manufacture of components used in our products. In addition, we will incur additional costs to comply with these disclosure requirements, including costs related to conducting ongoing diligence procedures and, if applicable, potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of such activities. We may also face reputational harm if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict-free or if we are unable to alter our products, processes or sources of supply to avoid such materials. In such an event, we may also face difficulties in satisfying customers if we are unable to verify that any conflict minerals used in our products are not sourced from the covered countries or are not done so by conflict free certified refiners and smelters.

We have liabilities for real estate leases in excess of what is necessary for our current business.

We have real estate leases that we are currently trying to sublease or that we have had to write-off their cost. Until such time that we are able to sublease these properties, or the current leases expire, we may incur financial liabilities for real estate leases significantly in excess of what is necessary for our current business.

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The results of the United Kingdom's referendum on wi thdrawal from the European Union may have a negative effect on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business.

In June 2016, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom elected to withdraw from the European Union in a national referendum.  The referendum was advisory, and the terms of any withdrawal are subject to a negotiation period that could last at least two years after the government of the United Kingdom formally initiates a withdrawal process.  Nevertheless, the referendum has created significant uncertainty about the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union, including with respect to the laws and regulations that will apply as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate in the event of a withdrawal.  The referendum has also given rise to calls for the governments of other European Union member states to consider withdrawal.  These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and may significantly reduce global market liquidity and restrict the ability of key market participants to operate in certain financial markets.  Any of these factors could depress economic activity and restrict our access to capital, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and reduce the price of our securities.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We started leasing our current headquarters, which is located in San Jose, California, in June 2013. We also lease office space and executive suites in various other geographic locations domestically and internationally for research & development, sales and service personnel and administration. Our aggregate lease expense for fiscal year 2016 was $8.5 million.

At June 30, 2016, the significant facilities that we leased were as follows:

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The information set forth under the heading "Legal Proceedings" in Note 5, Commitments,  Contingencies and Leases , in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Common Stock Market Prices and Dividends

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market and commenced trading on NASDAQ on April 9, 1999 under the symbol "EXTR."  The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices as reported by NASDAQ.  Such prices represent prices between dealers, do not include retail mark-ups, mark-downs or commissions and may not represent actual transactions.

As of August 22, 2016, there were 217 stockholders of record of our common stock.  Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We had authority granted by our Board of Directors to repurchase up to $ 75 million which were to be purchased over a three year period starting October 1, 2012 and ending on October 1, 2015.  Since the inception of the program, 4.1 million shares of common stock have been repurchased at a total purchase price of $14.5 million, none of which was repurchased in fiscal 2015 or 2016.

Certain information regarding our equity compensation plan(s) as required by Part II is incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this report.

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STOCK PRICE PERFORMANCE GRAPH

Set forth below is a stock price performance graph comparing the annual percentage change in the cumulative total return on our common stock with the cumulative total returns of the CRSP Total Return Index for The NASDAQ Stock Market (U.S. companies) and the NASDAQ Computer Manufacturers Securities for the period commencing July 3, 2011 and ending on June 30, 2016.  The comparisons in the graph below are based on historical data and are not intended to forecast the possible future performance of our common stock.

Comparison of Five-Year Cumulative Total Returns

Performance Graph for Extreme Networks, Inc.

Prepared by CRSP (www.crsp.uchicago.edu), Center for Research in Security Prices, Booth School of Business, The University of Chicago. Used with permission. All rights reserved.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data for each of the fiscal years ended June 30, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 derived from the Company's audited financial statements (in thousands, except per share amounts). These tables should be reviewed in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 and related Notes, as well as Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Historical results may not be indicative of future results.

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Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)

Quarterly results for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 are as follow (in thousands, except per share amounts):

Quarterly and year-to-date computations of per share amounts are made independently. Therefore, the sum of per share amounts for the quarters may not agree with the per share amounts for the year.

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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Business Overview

The following discussion should be read with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related notes in Item 8 of Part II of this Report.

The following discussion is based upon our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP.  In the course of operating our business, we routinely make decisions as to the timing of the payment of invoices, the collection of receivables, the manufacturing and shipment of products, the fulfillment of orders, the purchase of supplies, and the building of inventory and spare parts, among other matters. Each of these decisions has some impact on the financial results for any given period.  In making these decisions, we consider various factors including contractual obligations, customer satisfaction, competition, internal and external financial targets and expectations, and financial planning objectives. For further information about our critical accounting policies and estimates, see "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" section included in this "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Extreme is a leading provider of network infrastructure equipment and offer related maintenance contracts for extended warranty and maintenance to our enterprise, data center and service provider customers.  We were incorporated in California in May 1996, and reincorporated in Delaware in March 1999.  Our corporate headquarters are located in San Jose, California. Substantially all of our revenue is derived from the sale of our networking equipment and related maintenance contracts.

Restructuring

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, we implemented a plan to reduce costs through targeted restructuring activities intended to reduce operating costs and realign our organization in the current competitive environment. We initiated a plan to reduce our worldwide headcount by more than 225 employees, primarily in sales and marketing as well as research and development, consolidate specific global administrative functions, and shift certain operating costs to lower cost regions, among other actions.  

During fiscal 2016, we continued our initiative to realign our operations with a second phase by abandoning excess facilities, primarily in San Jose, California; Salem, New Hampshire; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in addition to other smaller leased locations. Such facilities represented approximately 32% of the floor space in the aggregate at these locations and included general office and warehouse space. We may terminate or choose not to renew leases for excess facilities in future periods as we further align our organization to our business and operational needs.

Amendment to Rights Agreement

On April 26, 2012, we entered into an Amended and Restated Rights Agreement between the Company and Computershare Shareholder Services LLC as the rights agent (the "Restated Rights Plan"). The Restated Rights Plan governs the terms of each right ("Right") that has been issued with respect to each share of our Common Stock. Each Right initially represents the right to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of our Preferred Stock. The Restated Rights Plan replaces in its entirety the Rights Agreement, dated as of April 27, 2001, as subsequently amended, between us and Mellon Investor Services LLC (the "Prior Rights Plan").

The Board adopted the Restated Rights Plan to preserve the value of our deferred tax assets, including our net operating loss carry forwards, with respect to our ability to fully use tax benefits to offset future income which may be limited if we experience an "ownership change" for purposes of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended as a result of ordinary buying and selling of our common stock. Following its review of the terms of the plan, the Board decided it was necessary and in the best interests of us and our stockholders to enter into the Restated Rights Plan. The Restated Rights Plan incorporates the Prior Rights Plan and the amendments thereto into a single agreement and extended the term of the Prior Rights Plan to April 30, 2013.  Each year since 2013 our Board and shareholders have approved an amendment providing for a one year extension of the term of the Restated Rights Plan.  Our Board of Directors unanimously approved an amendment to the Restated Rights Plan on May 5, 2016 to extend the Restated Rights Plan through May 31, 2017, subject to ratification by a majority of the stockholders of the Company at the next annual shareholders meeting, expected to be held on November 18, 2016.

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Results of Operations

Our operations and financial performance during fiscal 2016, achieved the following results:

Net Revenue

The following table presents net product and service revenue for the fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 (dollars in thousands):

Product revenue decreased $22.6 million or 5.4% for the year-ended June 30, 2016, compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2015. The decrease in sales was primarily due to an increase in competitive pricing pressure on lower volumes of chassis (modular) based products due to market shifts towards fixed products which are generally lower cost and are capable of rapidly adapting to changes and needs of the marketplace. The growth in the fixed products was not sufficient to offset the modular product decline and to a lesser extent, to the strengthening of the United States Dollar in nearly all geographical regions.

Product revenue increased $6.3 million or 1.5% for the year-ended June 30, 2015, compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2014. The fiscal 2015 period reflects increased product shipments and customers as a result of our acquisition of Enterasys, whereas the fiscal 2014 period only reflects eight months of sales subsequent to the October 31, 2013 acquisition date.  However, the increase in sales was partially offset by declines of customer spending across each geographical region and an increase in customer discounts.  The decline in customer spending was partially due to the significant strengthening of the United States Dollar in all geographical areas and the entrance of competitors in regions where we have a strong presence, specifically in Asia Pacific and EMEA regions.

Service revenue decreased $2.0 million or 1.5% for the year-ended June 30, 2016 compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2015 due to a decrease in service maintenance contracts and professional service and training revenues.  Partially offsetting the decrease were lower purchase accounting charges related to deferred service revenues which decreased $1.6 million for the year-ended June 30, 2016, to $1.5 million from $3.1 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2015.

Service revenue increased $27.1 million or 25.1% for the year-ended June 30, 2015 compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2014 due to an increase in service maintenance contracts and professional service and training revenues due to our acquisition of Enterasys.  Purchase accounting charges related to deferred service revenues decreased $2.2 million for the year-ended June 30, 2015, to $3.1 million from $5.3 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2014.

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We operate in three regions: Americas, which includes the United States, Canada, Mexico, Central America and South A merica; EMEA, which includes Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa; and APAC which includes Asia Pacific, South Asia, Japan and Australia. The following table presents the total net revenue geographically for the fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 (dollars in thousands):

We rely upon multiple channels of distribution, including distributors, direct resellers, OEM, and direct sales.  Revenue through our distributor channel was 49% of total product revenue in fiscal 2016, 47% of total product revenue in fiscal 2015 and 44% of total product revenue in fiscal 2014.

The level of sales to any one customer, including a distributor, may vary from period to period.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

The following table presents the gross profit on product and service revenue and the gross profit percentage of net revenue for the fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 (dollars in thousands):

Cost of product revenue includes costs of materials, amounts paid to third-party contract manufacturers, costs related to warranty obligations, charges for excess and obsolete inventory, amortization of developed technology intangibles, royalties under technology license agreements, and internal costs associated with manufacturing overhead, including management, manufacturing engineering, quality assurance, development of test plans, and document control. We outsource substantially all of our manufacturing and supply chain management operations, and we conduct quality assurance, manufacturing engineering, document control and distribution at our facilities in San Jose, California, Salem, New Hampshire, China, and Taiwan.

Product gross profit decreased to $186.7 million for the year-ended June 30, 2016, from $193.0 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2015.  Product gross profit for the year-ended June 30, 2016, was unfavorably impacted by a decrease in product revenue of $22.6 million, offset by lower amortization of developed technology intangibles of $2.3 million, lower royalty charges of $1.9 million and warranty charges of $0.8 million.

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Product gross profit decreased to $193.0 million for the year-ended June 3 0, 2015, from $198.1 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2014.  Product gross profit for the year-ended June 30, 2015, was favorably impacted by an increase in product revenue of $6.3 million, offset by higher material costs and increases of $5.8 million in excess and obsolete inventory charges, $6.1 million for amortization of the developed technology intangibles from the acquisition of Enterasys, $3.4 million for distribution costs due to higher utilization of air freight and $3.3 million of war ranty charges. Gross profit for fiscal 2014, was negatively impacted by $11.1 million related to the sale of inventory which had been adjusted to fair value upon the Enterasys acquisition due to purchase accounting.

Our cost of service revenue consists primarily of labor, overhead, repair and freight costs and the cost of spare parts used in providing support under customer maintenance contracts.

Service gross profit decreased to $84.1 million for the year-ended June 30, 2016, from $86.7 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2015, primarily due to a decrease in service revenue of $2.0 million and increased operating expenses, primarily professional fees of $0.6 million.  

Service gross profit increased to $86.7 million for the year-ended June 30, 2015, from $69.2 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2014, primarily due to an increase in service revenue of $27.1 million partially offset by increased personnel, overhead and travel costs as a result of the acquisition of Enterasys.  

Operating Expenses

The following table presents operating expenses and operating income (dollars in thousands):

The following table highlights our operating expenses and operating loss as a percentage of net revenues:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel expenses, consultant fees and prototype expenses related to the design, development, and testing of our products.

Research and development expenses decreased by $14.7 million or 15.8% for fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015. The decrease in spending is related to $11.6 million of personnel costs, which includes compensation, benefits and non-cash stock based compensation, $1.6 million in reduced supplies and equipment costs, $1.2 million in depreciation and $0.3 million of other costs.

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Research and development expenses increased by $16.3 million or 21.1% for fiscal 2015 as compared to fiscal 2014. The increase in research and de velopment expenses was primarily due to increased spending as a result of our acquisition of Enterasys.  The increase in spending related to $13.4 million of personnel costs, which includes compensation, benefits and non-cash stock based compensation, incl uding $0.4 million of expense related to our executive transition activity, $1.3 million in depreciation and $0.8 million for supplies and equipment.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist of salaries, commissions and related expenses for personnel engaged in marketing and sales functions, as well as trade shows and promotional expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $18.5 million or 10.9% for the year-ended June 30, 2016 as compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2015.  The decrease in sales and marketing expenses during fiscal 2016 was primarily due to lower personnel costs including benefits and non-cash stock compensation of $11.5 million, $3.1 million in reduced travel costs, $2.4 million in occupancy expense and $1.9 million for sales conferences and related costs.  In addition, sales and marketing professional fees decreased by $0.8 million during the period.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $12.6 million or 8.1% for the year-ended June 30, 2015 as compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2014.  The increase in sales and marketing expenses during fiscal 2015 was primarily due to $6.7 million of higher compensation, benefits and non-cash stock compensation, including $0.5 million of expense related to our executive transition activity, $2.7 million in marketing expense, $1.8 million in facilities and $0.8 million in depreciation.  All of these factors were primarily driven by the acquisition of Enterasys.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel costs, legal and professional service costs, share-based compensation, travel and facilities and information technology costs.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $4.4 million or 10.5% for the year-ended June 30, 2016 as compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2015.  The decrease in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to $3.6 million in lower personnel costs related to our reduced headcount, as well as reduced professional fees of $1.9 million and other expenses of $0.4 million.

General and administrative expenses increased by $1.3 million or 3.1% for the year-ended June 30, 2015 as compared to the corresponding period of fiscal 2014.  The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to $1.1 million in higher personnel costs related to our executive transition activity, higher occupancy costs due to additional facilities in Salem, New Hampshire and Shannon, Ireland as a result of our acquisition of Enterasys, a $0.8 million increase in bad debt expense and $0.2 million in professional service fees.  This increase was partially offset by $1.0 million in lower travel costs.

Acquisition and Integration Costs

As a result of our acquisition of Enterasys, we incurred $1.1 million, $10.2 million and $25.7 million of acquisition and integration costs in fiscal 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.  For fiscal 2016 and 2015, the entire $1.1 million and $10.2 million, respectively, of expense was related to integration costs.   The fiscal 2014 expense was related to $19.7 million of integration costs and the remaining $6.0 million expense was related to acquisition costs.  The lower fiscal 2016 integration expenses was due to winding down of integration activities associated with the acquisition, which included lower severance and termination costs, information systems applications costs and consulting fees.  The lower fiscal 2015 integration expenses were due to lower severance and termination costs and third party consulting fees.  

Restructuring Charge, Net of Reversals

During fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recorded restructuring charges, net of reversals, of $11.0 million, $9.8 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

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2015 Restructuring Plan

Fiscal year 2016 – Phase 2

During fiscal 2016, we continued our initiative that began in fiscal 2015, to realign our operations with a second phase by abandoning excess facilities, primarily in San Jose, California; Salem, New Hampshire; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina in addition to other smaller leased locations. The abandoned facilities represented approximately 32% of the floor space in the aggregate at these locations and included general office and warehouse space.

In conjunction with the exiting of facilities noted above, we incurred $11.0 of restructuring charges. Excess facilities charges included accrued lease costs pertaining to the estimated future obligations for non-cancelable lease payments for excess facilities and contract termination charges of $5.4 million, acceleration of depreciation of leasehold improvements of $4.5 million, professional fees of $1.0 million and other expenses of $0.1 million.

Significant restructuring charges incurred during the period, by location, included $1.8 million of charges for excess facilities pertaining to the estimated future obligations for non-cancelable lease payments at our San Jose location.  This represented 39% of the San Jose lease space.  We amended our facility lease at our North Carolina location and exited excess space while recording $4.1 million of charges, which included $3.1 million in accelerated depreciation of leasehold improvements. This action represented 36% of the North Carolina location lease space. We recorded $4.4 million of charges for excess facilities at our Salem location, which included $1.3 million in accelerated depreciation of leasehold improvements.  This action represented 27% of the Salem lease space.

As of June 30, 2016, we reflect restructuring liabilities of $4.6 million related to the excess facilities charges, of which, payments will continue through fiscal year 2023, due to the length of the lease agreements.  The restructuring liability is recorded in "Other accrued liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheets.

Fiscal year 2015-Phase 1

During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2015, we implemented a plan to reduce costs through targeted restructuring activities intended to reduce operating costs and realign our organization in the current competitive environment. We initiated a plan to reduce our worldwide headcount by more than 225 employees, primarily in sales and marketing as well as research and development, consolidate specific global administrative functions, and shift certain operating costs to lower cost regions, among other actions. We have expensed all costs associated with this initiative.  As of June 30, 2015, we reflected a restructuring liability of $5.9 million related to this initiative which was fully paid as of June 30, 2016.

Fiscal year 2014

In fiscal 2014, we incurred an additional $0.5 million of expenses related to a restructuring plan originating in 2013.  As part of our restructuring efforts that began in fiscal 2013, we initiated a plan to reduce our worldwide headcount by 13%, consolidate specific global administrative functions, and shift certain operating costs to lower cost regions, among other actions. There were no outstanding liabilities related to the fiscal 2013 restructuring as of June 30, 2015.

Amortization of Intangibles

During fiscal 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recorded $17.0 million, $17.9 million and $16.7 million, respectively, of amortization expenses in operating expenses primarily for certain intangibles related to the acquisition of Enterasys.

Interest Income

Interest income was $0.1 million, $0.5 million and $0.8 million in fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, representing a decrease of $0.4 million in fiscal 2016 from fiscal 2015 and a decrease of $0.3 million in fiscal 2015 from fiscal 2014.  The decrease in interest income in fiscal 2016 and 2015 was due to a decrease in the investment balances to fund debt reduction.

Interest Expense

We had $3.1 million, $3.2 million and $2.1 million of interest expense for fiscal 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.  Interest expense in fiscal years 2016, 2015 and 2014 was primarily related to the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, we entered into on October 31, 2013.

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Other (Expense) Income, net

Other (expense) income, net was income of $1.0 million in fiscal 2016 and expense of $1.2 million and $1.6 million in fiscal years 2015 and 2014, respectively.  Other expense in the respective periods was primarily due to the revaluation of certain assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies into U.S. Dollars.

Provision for Income Taxes

We are subject to income taxes in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions.  Our effective tax rate differs from the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% primarily due to the impact of state taxes, foreign operations which are generally taxed at lower statutory rates and the full valuation of our deferred tax assets in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions.  For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we recorded income tax provisions of $4.3 million, $4.8 million and $4.2 million, respectively.  The effective tax rates for fiscal years ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were 15.7%, 7.2% and 7.9%, respectively.

For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2016, 2015 and 2014 the majority of our tax provision related to taxes on our foreign operations as well as state taxes due to the full valuation allowance on our U.S. and certain foreign deferred tax assets.  In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2014, a portion of our provision resulted from the establishment of a U.S. deferred tax liability for amortizable goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Enterasys.

For a full reconciliation of our effective tax rate to the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% and for further explanation of our provision for income taxes, see Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period reported. By their nature, these estimates, assumptions and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We base our estimates, assumptions and judgments on historical experience, market trends and other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Estimates, assumptions and judgments are reviewed on an ongoing basis and the effects of revisions are reflected in the consolidated financial statements in the period they are determined to be necessary. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the critical accounting policies stated below, among others, affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We derive the majority of our revenue from sales of our networking equipment, with the remaining revenue generated from service fees relating to maintenance contracts, professional services, and training for our products. We recognize revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the price of the product is fixed or determinable, and the collection of the sales proceeds is reasonably assured. In instances where any of the criteria for revenue recognition are not met, we defer revenue until all criteria have been met.

Product revenue from our value-added resellers, non-stocking distributors and end-user customers is recognized at the time of shipment, provided that all of the foregoing revenue recognition requirements have been satisfied.  We generally do not grant return privileges, except for defective products during the warranty period, nor do we grant pricing credits. Accordingly, we recognize revenue upon transfer of title and risk of loss to the customer, which is generally upon shipment. We maintain estimated accruals and allowances for sales incentives and other programs that we may make available to our partners, based on historical experience or applicable contractual terms. Sales taxes collected from customers are excluded from revenues.  Shipping costs are included in cost of product revenues.

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We also sell our products to distributors that stock inventory and sell to resellers. We defer recognition of revenue on all sales to our stocking distributors until the distributors have sold the products, as evidenced by sales data that t he distributors provide to us. We grant stocking distributors certain price protection rights and the right to return a portion of unsold inventory for the purpose of stock rotation. The distributor-related deferred revenue and receivables are adjusted at the time of the stock rotation return or price reduction. We also provide stocking distributors with credits for changes in selling prices based on competitive conditions, and provide funding for our distributors and their resellers to perform marketing de velopment activities. We maintain estimated accruals and allowances for these exposures based upon our contractual obligations. Our marketing development channel programs do not meet the criteria for recognizing the costs as marketing expenses and therefor e these costs are accrued as a reduction to revenue in the same period that the products are sold.

Revenue from maintenance contracts is deferred and recognized ratably over the contractual service period, which is typically from one to two years. Professional service revenue is recognized upon delivery or completion of performance.

Our networking products are tangible products that contain software and non-software components that function together to deliver the tangible product's essential functionality. Our sales arrangements may contain multiple deliverables comprised of our tangible products, standalone software licenses, and maintenance offerings depending on the distribution sales channel through which the products are sold and the requirements of our customers. We recognize revenue for our multiple deliverable arrangements in accordance with the accounting standard for multiple deliverable revenue arrangements, which provides guidance on whether multiple deliverables exist, how deliverables in an arrangement should be separated, and how consideration should be allocated. The industry-specific software revenue recognition guidance does not apply to the sales of our tangible products.  Software revenue guidance is applied to sales of our standalone software products, including software upgrades and software that is not essential to the functionality of the hardware with which it is sold.

Pursuant to the guidance of the accounting standard for multiple-deliverable revenue arrangements, we allocate the total arrangement consideration to each separable element of an arrangement based on the relative selling price of each element.  We determine the standalone selling price for each element based on a selling price hierarchy. Under the selling price hierarchy, the selling price for each deliverable is based on our vendor-specific objective evidence ("VSOE") of selling price, which is determined by a substantial majority of our historical standalone sales transactions for a product or service falling within a reasonable range. If VSOE is not available due to a lack of standalone sales transactions or lack of pricing within a narrow range, then third party evidence ("TPE"), as determined by the standalone pricing of competitive vendor products in similar markets, is used. TPE typically is difficult to establish due to the proprietary differences of competitive products and difficulty in obtaining reliable competitive standalone pricing information. When neither VSOE nor TPE is available, we determine the best estimate of standalone selling price ("ESP") for a product or service by considering several factors including, but not limited to, the 12-month historical median sales price, sales channels, geography, gross margin consistency, competitive product pricing, and product life cycle. In consideration of all relevant pricing factors, we apply management judgment to determine the best estimate of selling price through consultation with and formal approval by our management for all products and services for which neither VSOE nor TPE is available. Generally, the standalone selling price of services is determined using VSOE and the standalone selling price of all other deliverables is determined by using ESP. We regularly review VSOE, TPE and ESP for all of our products and services and maintain internal controls over the establishment and updates of these estimates.

Pursuant to the software revenue recognition accounting standard, we continue to recognize revenue for software using the residual method for our sales of standalone software products and other software that is not essential to the functionality of the hardware with which it is sold. After allocation of the relative selling price to each element of the multiple deliverable arrangement, we recognize revenue in accordance with our policies for product, software, and maintenance revenue recognition.

We provide an allowance for sales returns based on our historical returns, analysis of credit memo data and our return policies. The allowance for sales returns was $1.6 million and $1.1 million as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, for estimated future returns that were recorded as a reduction of our accounts receivable. If the historical data that we use to calculate the estimated sales returns and allowances does not properly reflect future levels of product returns, these estimates will be revised, thus resulting in an impact on future net revenue. We estimate and adjust this allowance at each balance sheet date.

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Goodwill

Goodwill is assessed for impairment annually during the fourth quarter of the fiscal year (which begins on April 1) or more frequently when an event occurs or circumstances change between annual tests that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value. We have determined that we have one reporting unit. To test goodwill for impairment, we first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If it is concluded that this is the case, we then perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. Otherwise, the two-step goodwill impairment test is not required. Under the two-step goodwill impairment test, we in the first step, compare the estimated fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value, no impairment loss is recognized. However, if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the goodwill of the unit may be impaired. The amount, if any, of the impairment is then measured in the second step in which we determine the implied value of goodwill based on the allocation of the estimated fair value determined in the initial step to all assets and liabilities of the reporting unit.

We completed our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2016 and determined there was no impairment as the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded its carrying value.

Share-based Payments

We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to determine the fair value of option grants other than option grants, with market, performance conditions, options assumed as part of the Enterasys acquisition, and share purchase options under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP") on the date of grant with the weighted average assumptions. We use the Monte-Carlo simulation model to determine the fair value and the derived service period of option grants, with market, performance or service conditions or combinations of those conditions, on the date of grant.  The expected term of options granted is derived from historical data on employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The expected term of purchase options under our ESPP represents the contractual life of the ESPP purchase period. The risk-free rate based upon the estimated life of each option and ESPP award is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. Expected volatility is based on both the implied volatilities from traded options on our stock and historical volatility on our stock. We do not currently pay cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, our expected dividend yield is zero. We are required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates.  In fiscal 2016, our estimated forfeiture rates based on historical forfeiture experiences are 19% for executives and 13% for non-executive employees.  We use the straight-line method for expense attribution, and we only recognize expense for those shares expected to vest.

Restructuring Charges

We recognize a liability for exit and disposal activities when the liability is incurred.  A liability for post-employment benefits, including severance, is recorded upon attainment of certain criteria including when payment is probable, the amount is reasonably estimable, and the obligation relates to rights that have vested or accumulated.  Facilities consolidation charges are calculated using estimates and are based upon the remaining future lease commitments for vacated facilities from the date of facility consolidation, net of estimated future sublease income. The estimated costs of vacating these leased facilities are based on market information and trend analysis.

We continually evaluate the adequacy of the remaining liabilities under our restructuring initiatives.  Although we believe that these estimates accurately reflect the costs of our restructuring plans, actual results may differ, thereby requiring us to record additional provisions or reverse a portion of such provision.

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New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 4 of the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a full description of new accounting pronouncements, including the respective expected dates of adoption and effects on results of operations and financial condition.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following summarizes information regarding our cash, investments, and working capital (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2016, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash and cash equivalents of $94.1 million, accounts receivable, net of $81.4 million and availability of borrowings from the Revolving Facility of $34.1 million as of June 30, 2016.  We anticipate that our principal uses of cash will include repayments of debt and related interest, purchase of finished goods inventory from our contract manufacturers, payroll, restructuring expenses and other operating expenses related to the development, marketing of our products and purchases of property and equipment.  We believe that our  $94.1 million of cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2016, cash flows from operations along with the availability of borrowings from the Revolving Facility will be sufficient to fund our principal uses of cash for at least the next 12 months.

The Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, contain financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio and Consolidated Quick Ratio and a maximum Consolidated Leverage Ratio and several other financial and non-financial covenants and restrictions that limit our ability, among other things, to incur additional indebtedness, create liens upon any of our property, merge, consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our assets.

The Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, also include customary events of default, including failure to pay principal, interest or fees when due, failure to comply with covenants, any representation or warranty made by us being false or misleading in any material respect, certain insolvency or receivership events affecting our Company, the occurrence of certain material judgments, the occurrence of certain ERISA events, the invalidity of the loan documents or a change in control of our Company.  The amounts outstanding under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, may be accelerated upon certain events of default. We believe we are in compliance and expect to remain in compliance with the covenants of the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, and they are not expected to negatively impact our liquidity or capital resources. The Senior Secured Credit Facilities, as amended, is more fully described in Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Key Components of Cash Flows and Liquidity

A summary of the sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents is as follows (in thousands):