SMART Global Holdings (SGH) SEC Quarterly Report (10-Q) for Q2 2018

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended May 25, 2018

OR

Commission File Number: 001-38102

SMART GLOBAL HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (510) 623-1231

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   ☒     No   ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes   ☐     No   ☒

As of May 25, 2018, the registrant had 22,307,512 ordinary shares outstanding.

Table of Contents

i

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q includes a number of forward-looking statements that involve many risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements are identified by the use of the words "would," "could," "will," "may," "expect," "believe," "should," "anticipate," "if," "future," "intend," "plan," "estimate," "potential," "target," "seek," or "continue" and similar words and phrases, including the negatives of these terms, or other variations of these terms, that denote future events. These statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and our potential financial performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results and financial position to differ materially and adversely from what is projected or implied in any forward-looking statements included in this report. These factors include, but are not limited to, the risks described under the caption "Risk Factors" in the documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended August 25, 2017 and in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q that have been and will be filed by us in our fiscal year 2018, which runs from August 26, 2017 to August 31, 2018. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this report may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. We make these forward-looking statements based upon information available on the date of this report, and we expressly disclaim any obligation to update or alter any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information or otherwise, except as required by law.

ii

PART I-FINANCI AL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

SMART Global Holdings, Inc.

and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

3

SMART Global Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except per share data)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

4

SMART Global Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

5

SMART Global Holdings, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Smart Global Holdings, Inc.

Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

On August 26, 2011, SMART Global Holdings, Inc., formerly known as Saleen Holdings, Inc., a Cayman Islands exempted company (SMART Global Holdings, and together with its subsidiaries, the Company), consummated a transaction with SMART Worldwide Holdings, Inc., formerly known as SMART Modular Technologies (WWH), Inc. (SMART Worldwide), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger whereby, through a series of transactions, SMART Global Holdings acquired substantially all of the equity interests of SMART Worldwide with SMART Worldwide surviving as an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of SMART Global Holdings (the Acquisition). SMART Global Holdings is an entity that was formed by investment funds affiliated with Silver Lake Partners and Silver Lake Sumeru (collectively Silver Lake). As a result of the Acquisition, since there was a change of control resulting in Silver Lake as the controlling shareholder group, the Company applied the acquisition method of accounting and established a new basis of accounting.

The Company, through its subsidiaries, provides specialty memory solutions sold primarily to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The Company offers these solutions to customers worldwide and also offers custom supply chain services including procurement, logistics, inventory management, temporary warehousing, kitting and packaging services.  

SMART Global Holdings is domiciled in the Cayman Islands and has its U.S. offices in Newark, California. The Company has operations in the United States, Brazil, Malaysia, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Scotland, Singapore and South Korea.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements comprise SMART Global Holdings and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company uses a 52- to 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Friday in August. The three months ended May 25, 2018 and May 26, 2017 were both 13 week fiscal periods.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP) and in conformity with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) applicable to interim financial information. As such, certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in complete annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been omitted in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company and its results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. The financial data and other information disclosed in these notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements related to the interim periods are unaudited.

All financial information for two of the Company's subsidiaries, SMART Modular Technologies Indústria de Componentes Eletrônicos Ltda. (SMART Brazil) and SMART Modular Technologies do Brasil Indústria e Comércio de Componentes Ltda. (SMART do Brazil), is included in the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements on a one-month lag because their fiscal years begin August 1 and end July 31.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods presented. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by management. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the useful lives of long-lived assets, the valuation of deferred tax assets and inventory, share-based compensation, the estimated net realizable value of Brazilian tax credits, income tax uncertainties and other contingencies.

Product revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, product delivery has occurred, the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Product revenue typically is recognized at the time of shipment or when the customer takes title to the goods. All amounts billed to a customer related to shipping and handling are classified as revenue, while all costs incurred by the Company for shipping and handling are classified as cost of sales. Sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net basis and, therefore, are excluded from net sales in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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In addition, the Company has classes of transactions with customers that are accounted for on an agency basis (i.e., the Company recognize s as revenue the amount billed less the material procurement costs of products serviced as an agent with the cost of providing these services embedded with the cost of sales). The Company provides procurement, logistics, inventory management, temporary war ehousing, kitting and packaging services for these customers. Revenue from these arrangements is recognized as service revenue and is determined by a fee for services based on material procurement costs. The Company recognizes service revenue upon the comp letion of the services, typically upon shipment of the product. There are no obligations subsequent to shipment of the product under the agency arrangements.

The following is a summary of the Company's gross billings to customers and net sales for services and products (in thousands):

(1) Represents cost of sales associated with service revenue reported on a net basis.

All highly liquid investments with maturities of 90 days or less from original dates of purchase are carried at cost, which approximates fair value, and are considered to be cash. Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash deposited in checking and saving accounts, money market accounts, and securities with maturities of less than 90 days at the time of purchase.

The Company evaluates the collectability of accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In cases where the Company is aware of circumstances that may impair a specific customer's ability to meet its financial obligations, the Company records a specific allowance against amounts due and, thereby, reduces the net recognized receivable to the amount management reasonably believes will be collected. For all other customers, the Company recognizes allowances for doubtful accounts based on a combination of factors including the length of time the receivables are outstanding, industry and geographic concentrations, the current business environment and historical experience.

Designated subsidiaries of the Company may, from time to time, sell certain of their receivables to third parties. Sales of receivables are recognized at the point in which the receivables sold are transferred beyond the reach of the Company and its creditors, the purchaser has the right to pledge or exchange the receivables and the subsidiaries have surrendered control over the transferred receivables. See Note 3 for further details.

Inventories are valued at the lower of actual cost or market value. Inventory value is determined on a specific identification basis for material and an allocation of labor and manufacturing overhead. At each balance sheet date, the Company evaluates the ending inventories for excess quantities and obsolescence. This evaluation includes an analysis of sales levels by product family and considers historical demand and forecasted demand in relation to the inventory on hand, competitiveness of product offerings, market conditions and product life cycles. The Company adjusts carrying value to the lower of its cost or market value. Inventory write-downs are not reversed and create a new cost basis.

Since 2004, the Sao Paulo State tax authorities have granted SMART Brazil a tax benefit to defer and eventually eliminate the payment of ICMS levied on certain imports from independent suppliers. This benefit, known as an ICMS Special Regime, is subject to renewal every two years. When the then current ICMS Special Tax Regime expired on March 31, 2010, SMART Brazil timely applied for a renewal of the benefit, however, the renewal was not granted until August 4, 2010.

8

On June 22 , 2010, the Sao Paulo authorities published a regulation allowing companies that applied for a timely renewal of an ICMS Special Regime to continue utilizing the benefit until a final conclusion on the renewal request was rendered. As a result of this publ ication, SMART Brazil was temporarily allowed to utilize the benefit while it waited for its renewal. From April 1, 2010, when the ICMS benefit lapsed, through June 22, 2010 when the regulation referred to above was published, SMART Brazil was required to pay the ICMS taxes on imports, which payments result in ICMS credits that may be used to offset ICMS obligations generated from sales by SMART Brazil of its products; however, the vast majority of SMART Brazil's sales in Sao Paulo were either subject to a lower ICMS rate or were made to customers that were entitled to other ICMS benefits that enabled them to eliminate the ICMS levied on their purchases of products from SMART Brazil. As a result, from April 1, 2010 through June 22, 2010, SMART Brazil did not have sufficient ICMS collections against which to apply the credits and the credit balance increased significantly.

Effective February 1, 2011, in connection with its participation in a Brazilian government incentive program known as Support Program for the Technological Development of the Semiconductor and Display Industries Laws, or PADIS, SMART Brazil spun off the module manufacturing operations into SMART do Brazil, a separate subsidiary of the Company. In connection with this spin off, SMART do Brazil applied for a tax benefit from the State of Sao Paulo in order to obtain a deferral of state ICMS. This tax benefit is referred to as State PPB, or CAT 14. The CAT 14 approval was not obtained until July 21, 2011, and from February 1, 2011 until the CAT 14 approval was granted, SMART do Brazil did not have sufficient ICMS collections against which to apply the credits accrued upon payment of the ICMS on SMART do Brazil's imports and inputs locally acquired, and therefore, it generated additional excess ICMS credits.

As of  May 25, 2018, the total ICMS tax credits reported on the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet are R$44.4 million (or $12.8 million), of which (i) R$16.6 million (or $4.8 million) are fully vested ICMS credits, classified as prepaid and other current assets and R$24.5 million (or $7.0 million) classified as other noncurrent assets, and (ii) R$3.3 million (or $0.9 million) are ICMS credits subject to vesting in 48 equal monthly amounts, classified as prepaid expenses and other current assets (R$1.1 million or $0.3 million) and other noncurrent assets (R$2.2 million or $0.6 million). As of August 25, 2017, the total ICMS tax credits reported on the Company's accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet are R$40.9 million (or $13.1 million), of which (i) R$38.4 million (or $12.3 million) are fully vested ICMS credits, classified as other noncurrent assets, and (ii) R$2.5 million (or $0.8 million) are ICMS credits subject to vesting in 48 equal monthly amounts, classified as other noncurrent assets (R$0.6 million or $0.2 million) and prepaid expenses and other current assets (R$1.9 million or $0.6 million). It is expected that the excess ICMS credits will continue to be recovered in fiscal 2018 through fiscal 2022. The Company updates its forecast of the recoverability of the ICMS credits quarterly, considering the following key variables in Brazil: timing of government approvals of automated credit utilization, the total amount of sales, the product mix and the inter and intra state mix of sales. If these estimates or the mix of products or regions vary, it could take longer or shorter than expected to recover the accumulated ICMS credits, resulting in a reclassification of ICMS credits from current to noncurrent, or vice versa.

In April and June 2016, the Company filed cases with the State of Sao Paulo tax authorities to seek approval to sell excess ICMS credits. In December 2017, the Company obtained approval to sell R$31.6 million (or $9.1 million) of its ICMS credits.  Once approved, sales of ICMS credits usually take three to six months to complete and typically incur a discount to the face amount of the credits sold, as well as fees for the arrangers of these sales which together aggregate 10% to 15% of the face amount of the credits being sold. Once the sale is complete, the tax authorities usually approve the transfer of credits in monthly installments and the proceeds resulting from the sale of the aforementioned credits shall be received by the Company accordingly. The Company has recorded valuation adjustments for the estimated discount and fees that the Company will need to offer in order to sell the ICMS credits to other companies.  

Property and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed based on the shorter of the estimated useful lives or the related lease terms, using the straight-line method. Estimated useful lives are presented below:

9

The Company performs a goodwill impairment test annually during the fourth quarter of its fiscal year and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Such events or circumstances may, among others, include significant adverse changes in the general business climate. As of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017, the carrying value of goodwill on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet was $42.9 million and $46.0 million, respectively.

When conducting the annual impairment test for goodwill, the Company compares the estimated fair value of a reporting unit containing goodwill to its book value. The estimated fair value is computed using two approaches: the income approach, which is the present value of expected cash flows, discounted at a risk-adjusted weighted average cost of capital; and the market approach, which is based on using market multiples of companies in similar lines of business. If the fair value of the reporting unit is determined to be more than its book value, no goodwill impairment is recognized. The excess of the fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value of assets less liabilities is the implied value of goodwill and is used to determine the amount of impairment.

All of the $42.9 million carrying value of goodwill on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheet as of May 25, 2018 is associated with the Company's single reporting unit. No impairment of goodwill was recognized through May 25, 2018.

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the nine months ended May 25, 2018 and fiscal 2017 are as follows (in thousands):

The following table summarizes the gross amounts and accumulated amortization of intangible assets from the Acquisition by type as of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017 (dollars in thousands):

Amortization expense related to intangible assets for the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 totaled approximately $1.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively, and $3.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017. Acquired intangibles are amortized on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated economic life of the underlying intangible assets.

10

Long-lived assets, excluding goodwill, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset group to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value, less cost to sell. No impairment of long-lived assets was recognized during the nine months ended May 25, 2018 and May 26, 2017.

Research and development expenditures are expensed in the period incurred.

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and net operating loss and credit carryforwards. When necessary, a valuation allowance is recorded to reduce tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income (or loss) in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in tax expense.

For foreign subsidiaries using the local currency as their functional currency, assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and income and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the period. The effect of this translation is reported in other comprehensive income (loss). Exchange gains and losses arising from transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the respective foreign subsidiaries are included in results of operations.

For foreign subsidiaries using the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, the financial statements of these foreign subsidiaries are remeasured into U.S. dollars using the historical exchange rate for property and equipment and certain other nonmonetary assets and liabilities and related depreciation and amortization on these assets and liabilities. The Company uses the exchange rate at the balance sheet date for the remaining assets and liabilities, including deferred taxes. A weighted average exchange rate is used for each period for revenues and expenses.

All foreign subsidiaries and branch offices, except those in Brazil and South Korea, use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency. The gains or losses resulting from the remeasurement process are recorded in other income (expense) in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

During the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 and May 26, 2017, the Company recorded $6.9 million and $7.3 million, respectively, and $1.0 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017, of foreign exchange losses primarily related to its Brazilian operating subsidiaries.

The Company accounts for share-based compensation under ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation , which requires companies to recognize in their statement of operations all share-based payments, including grants of share options and other types of equity awards, based on the grant-date fair value of such share-based awards.

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The Company is subject to the possibility of various loss contingencies arising in the ordinary course of business. The Company considers the likelihood of a loss and the ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss in determining the necessity for and amount of any loss contingencies. Estimated loss contingencies are accrued when it is probable that a liability has been incurred or an asset impaired and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company regularly evaluates the most current information available to determine whether any such accruals should be recorded or adjusted.

Comprehensive income (loss) consists of net income (loss) and other gains and losses affecting shareholders' equity that, under U.S. GAAP are excluded from net income (loss). The Company's other comprehensive income (loss) generally consists of foreign currency translation adjustments.

The Company's concentration of credit risk consists principally of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. The Company's revenues and related accounts receivable reflect a concentration of activity with five customers (see Note 11). The Company does not require collateral or other security to support accounts receivable. The Company performs periodic credit evaluations of its customers to minimize collection risk on accounts receivable and maintains allowances for potentially uncollectible accounts.

The Company relies on five suppliers for the majority of its raw materials. At May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017, the Company owed these five suppliers $218.4 million and $153.7 million, respectively, which was recorded as accounts payable. The inventory purchases from these suppliers during the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 were $0.4 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, and $0.3 billion, and $0.9 billion, respectively for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017.

In March 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2018-05, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 . This standard amends ASC 740, Income Taxes , to provide guidance on accounting for tax effects of the Tax cuts and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which allows companies to complete the accounting under ASC 740 within one-year measurement period from the Tax Act enactment date. This standard is effective upon issuance. The Company has applied the guidance in ASU 2018-05, see Note 5, Income Taxes, for further disclosure.  

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Comprehensive Income . The new guidance allows companies to reclassify stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Act, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings. The guidance also requires certain new disclosures regardless of the election.  The Company is required to adopt the guidance in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the timing and the impact of these amendments to its consolidated financial statements

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment , which simplified the accounting for goodwill impairment by eliminating step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 will be effective for the Company beginning on December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this ASU in fiscal 2017 and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash , which clarifies the presentation of changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. ASU 2016-18 will be effective for the Company in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 and early adoption is permitted. The changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents during the period will be included in the beginning and ending cash and cash equivalents balance reconciliation on the statement of cash flows. The Company has $6.3 million of restricted cash at May 25, 2018, which is classified as noncurrent assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Cash Flow Statements, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments . The new guidance is intended to address the diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows under Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, and other Topics. The guidance addresses eight specific cash flow classification issues with the objective of reducing diversity in practice. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes the interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The amendments should be applied using a retrospective transition period to each period presented. The Company does not believe the adoption of ASU 2016-15 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting , which simplified certain aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including income taxes, forfeitures and classification of awards and classification in the statement of cash flows. In the first quarter of fiscal 2018, the Company adopted the applicable provisions of this standard as follows:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) , which modified lease accounting for both lessees and lessors to increase transparency and comparability by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous accounting standards and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. ASU 2016-02 will be effective for the Company beginning on September 1, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. In transition, lessees and lessors are required to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach.  Although the Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02 on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures, as disclosed in Note 9(a), the Company has over $16.4 million in lease commitments at May 25, 2018 and believes that the adoption will have a material impact to the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes , which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. ASU 2015-17 will be effective for the Company beginning on September 1, 2017 with early application permitted as of the beginning of any interim or annual reporting period. The Company early adopted this ASU in fiscal 2017 and it did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued a new standard, ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as amended, which will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance. Under ASU 2014-09, an entity is required to recognize revenue upon transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. ASU No. 2014-09 defines a five-step process in order to achieve this core principle, which may require the use of judgment and estimates, and also requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures relating to the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers, including significant judgments and estimates used. The FASB has recently issued several amendments to the new standard, including clarification on identifying performance obligations. The amendments include ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)-Principal versus Agent Considerations , which was issued in March 2016, and clarifies the implementation guidance for principal versus agent considerations in ASU 2014-09. The new standard permits adoption either by using (i) a full retrospective approach for all periods presented in the period of adoption or (ii) a modified retrospective approach with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard recognized at the date of initial application and providing certain additional disclosures. The new standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The Company does not plan to early adopt, and accordingly, will adopt the new standard effective September 1, 2018. The Company currently plans to adopt using the modified retrospective approach. Upon adoption on September 1, 2018, the Company will record a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings related to the difference in timing of revenue recognition required under the new standards.  

A change for the Company under ASC 606 relates to the timing of revenue recognition for customized product sales orders deemed not cancellable and nonrefundable (NCNR). Under current accounting standards, the Company recognizes revenue and costs related to these sales when products are shipped or delivered to the customers based on the terms of the purchase orders and sales agreements. Under ASC 606, the terms within the NCNR sales orders that provide the Company with a legally enforceable right to receive payment for performance completed to date will affect the timing of revenue recognition. Accordingly, the Company will recognize revenue over time as customized products listed within the NCNR orders are completed.

The Company is in the process of finalizing its assessment and implemented policies, processes, and controls to support the standard measurement and disclosure requirements.

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Acquisition of Penguin Computing, Inc.

On June 8, 2018, SMART Global Holdings entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the "Merger Agreement"), by and among the SMART Global Holdings, Glacier Acquisition Sub, Inc., a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of SMART Global Holdings ("Merger Sub"), Penguin Computing, Inc., ("Penguin") and Fortis Advisors LLC, solely in its capacity as the representative of the holders of the securities of Penguin. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, on June 8, 2018, Merger Sub was merged with and into Penguin, with Penguin surviving as a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of the SMART Global Holdings (the "Merger").

The aggregate consideration payable by the Company for the Merger is up to $85 million, which includes up to $25.0 million of potential cash earn-out payments based on Penguin's achievement of specified gross profit levels through December 31, 2018, pursuant to the provisions of the Merger Agreement. The Company paid $60 million at closing (subject to certain adjustments as provided in the Merger Agreement), which included the assumption by the Company of Penguin's outstanding indebtedness.

At the closing of the Merger, the Company deposited $6.0 million of the purchase price into escrow as security for Penguin's indemnification obligations during the escrow period of one year. The Company also deposited $2.0 million of the purchase price into escrow as security for customary post-closing adjustments to the purchase price. The Merger Agreement contains customary representations and warranties of the Company and Penguin. The parties have agreed to indemnify each other for certain breaches of representations, warranties and covenants.

Incremental Facility Amendment

On June 8, 2018, the parties to the Amended Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 6) entered into an Incremental Facility Amendment (the "Incremental Facility Amendment") which provides for, among other things, an incremental $60.0 million term loan facility (the "Additional Term B Loan"). On June 8, 2018, SMART Modular Technologies (Global), Inc. ("Global") borrowed pursuant to the Incremental Facility Amendment, $60.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Additional Term B Loan under the Amended Credit Agreement, a portion of which was used to fund the cash purchase price of the Merger. The terms and provisions of the Additional Term B Loan are, in all material respects, substantially consistent with the terms and provisions of the other term loans currently outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement.

In the normal course of business, the Company had transactions with its affiliates as follows (in thousands):

As of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017, amounts due from these affiliates were $8.7 million and $8.7 million, respectively.

Management advisory fees represent fees paid to entities affiliated with Silver Lake pursuant to a management agreement (the Management Agreement) that was terminated upon closing of the Company's initial public offering (IPO) on May 30, 2017.  There were no amounts due under this agreement as of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017.

In May 2012, SMART Modular Technologies, Inc. (SMART Modular) and SMART Modular Technologies (Europe) Limited (collectively, for this footnote only, Sellers), both wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company, entered into a Receivables Purchasing Agreement (as amended, the RPA) with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (Wells Fargo). Under the RPA, the Sellers can offer to sell to Wells Fargo certain Eligible Receivables (as defined in the RPA) due from certain designated customers, and Wells Fargo has the right to purchase Eligible Receivables offered for sale by Sellers. The maximum amount of Eligible Receivables that Wells Fargo can purchase is capped based upon the aggregate outstanding balances of purchased receivables which maximum is set at $50 million with sublimits assigned to each of Sellers' customers that are approved for the program. Wells Fargo has no obligation to purchase any Eligible Receivables under the RPA. All purchases of Eligible Receivables are at a discount equal to a 2-month LIBOR plus 2.75% annual discount margin, calculated on a daily basis for the number of days between the payment of the purchase price by Wells Fargo to the Sellers and the actual collection of the Eligible Receivables by Wells Fargo from the account debtor. Purchases are also subject to a 95% advance rate with the 5% being reimbursed to the Sellers upon collection by Wells Fargo from the account debtor. Under the

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terms of the RPA, Sellers retain limited recourse for product warranties and commercial di sputes and Wells Fargo bears the full risk of insolvency and collectability. Sellers are appointed as the agent of Wells Fargo to perform collection services. The RPA has standard representations and warranties, including for the validity and collectabilit y of the Eligible Receivables, and various negative and affirmative covenants that are typical for arrangements of this nature. The obligations of the Sellers are jointly and severally guaranteed by SMART Worldwide and its subsidiary Global. Financing unde r this receivables purchase program qualifies for off-balance sheet financing as the transfer of receivables to Wells Fargo represents a true-sale. The RPA was terminated effective June 30, 2017.

During the nine months ended May 25, 2018 and May 26, 2017, the Sellers sold $0 and $153.6 million of accounts receivables under the RPA respectively. The outstanding balance of receivables sold and not yet collected was $0 as of both May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017. Total interest expense paid during both the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 were $0, and $0.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017.

Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following (in thousands):

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

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Depreciation and amortization expense for property and equipment during the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 was approximately $4.8 million and $14.9 million, respectively, and $4.8 million and $16.4 mill ion, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017.

Other Noncurrent Assets

Other noncurrent assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

Provision for income taxes for the three and nine month periods presented consisted of the following (in thousands):

Income tax expense includes a provision for federal, state and foreign taxes based on the annual estimated effective tax rate applicable to the Company and its subsidiaries, adjusted for certain discrete items which are fully recognized in the period they occur.

Provision for income taxes for the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 increased by $2.1 million and $9.1 million, respectively, as compared to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to higher income in non-U.S. jurisdictions subject to tax.  

As of May 25, 2018, the Company has a full valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets associated with its U.S. operations.  The amount of the deferred tax asset considered realizable could be adjusted if significant positive evidence increases.

Determining the consolidated provision for income tax expense, income tax liabilities, and deferred tax assets and liabilities involves judgment. The Company calculates and provides for income taxes in each of the tax jurisdictions in which it operates, which involves estimating current tax exposures, as well as making judgments regarding the recoverability of deferred tax assets in each jurisdiction.  The estimates used could differ from actual results, which may have a significant impact on operating results in future periods.

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On December 22, 2017, new U.S. federal tax legislation commonly known as the Tax Cut s and Jobs Act (the "Tax Act") was signed into law.  Certain key changes introduced by the Tax Act that would impact the Company in the current fiscal year include the reduction of the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, acceleration of expens ing of certain business assets, and the elimination of the alternative minimum tax system for corporations. This rate reduction will reduce the gross value of the Company's U.S. net deferred tax assets and liabilities with a correlative adjustment to the C ompany's valuation allowance, therefore, there is no expected material impact to the Company's quarterly and annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ending August 31, 2018, subject to a continued valuation allowance. Prospectively, the Company will be subject to other provisions of the Tax Act, including, but not limited to, changes to the interest deduction and the repeal of certain exceptions under IRC 162(m), which may limit the Company's deductibility of such items. These items are dependent on factors including future profits, the timing of payment and the exercises and release of equity awards.

Amended Credit Agreement

On August 9, 2017, SMART Worldwide, Global, and SMART Modular entered into a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (together with all related loan documents, and as amended from time to time, the Amended Credit Agreement) with certain lenders which amended and restated that certain Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 5, 2016 (the ARCA), which had amended and restated that certain Credit Agreement dated as of August 26, 2011 (the Original Credit Agreement). The Company's subsidiaries named as borrowers in the Amended Credit Agreement and certain other subsidiaries that entered into a guarantee with respect to the Amended Credit Agreement, are collectively referred to as the Loan Parties and together with SMART Malaysia, the Credit Group. The Amended Credit Agreement provides for a $165 million of term loans with a maturity date of August 9, 2022 and $50 million of revolving loans with a maturity date of February 9, 2021 (the Initial Revolver Maturity Date) which revolving loan maturity date automatically extends to February 9, 2022 if the total leverage ratio of the Credit Group is less than 3.0:1.0 on the Initial Revolver Maturity Date. SMART Global Holding is not a party to the Amended Credit Agreement.

The Amended Credit Agreement is jointly and severally guaranteed on a senior basis by certain subsidiaries of Global (excluding, among other subsidiaries, SMART Malaysia). In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement is secured by a pledge of the capital stock of, or equity interests in, most of the subsidiaries of SMART Worldwide (including, without limitation, SMART Malaysia) and by substantially all of the assets of the subsidiaries of SMART Worldwide, excluding the assets of SMART Malaysia and certain other subsidiaries.

Covenants . The Amended Credit Agreement contains various representations and warranties and affirmative and negative covenants that are usual and customary for loans of this nature including, among other things, limitations on the Credit Group's ability to engage in certain transactions, incur debt, pay dividends, and make investments. The Amended Credit Agreement also requires that the Credit Group maintain a Secured Leverage Ratio not in excess of 3.5:1.0 as of the end of each fiscal quarter (commencing with the fiscal quarter ending November 24, 2017) and puts restrictions on the Credit Group's ability to retain cash proceeds from the sale of certain assets with net proceeds in excess of $2 million, subject to customary six-month reinvestment rights.

Interest and Interest Rates . Loans under the Amended Credit Agreement accrue interest at a rate per annum equal to an applicable margin plus, at the borrowers' option, either a LIBOR rate, or a base rate. The applicable margin for term loans with respect to LIBOR borrowings is 6.25% and with respect to base rate borrowings is 5.25%. The interest rate on the term loans was 8.62% as of May 25, 2018.

The applicable margin for revolving loans adjusts every quarter based on the Secured Leverage Ratio for the most recent fiscal quarter with the applicable margin for revolving loans with respect to LIBOR borrowings ranges from 3.75% to 4.00% and the applicable margin for revolving loans with respect to base rate borrowings ranges from 2.75% to 3.00%. Prior to November 5, 2016, the effective date of the ARCA, the applicable margin was pegged to the Secured Net Leverage Ratio.

Interest on base rate loans is payable on the last day of each calendar quarter. Interest on LIBOR-based loans is payable every one, two, three, six or twelve months after the date of each borrowing, depending on the particular interest rate period selected with respect to such borrowing.

Principal Payments . The Amended Credit Agreement requires quarterly repayments of principal under the term loans equal to 2.5% of $165 million, or $4.1 million per fiscal quarter.  During the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 the borrowers made scheduled principal payments of $4.1 million and $12.4 million, respectively, and $3.9 million and $11.6 million, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017.

Prepayments . The borrowers have the right at any time to make optional prepayments of the principal amounts outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement provided that prepayments of principal which are voluntary or are made in connection with certain transactions will be subject to prepayment premiums of 3%, 2%, and 1% during the first, second and third years, respectively, after the effective date of the Amended Credit Agreement.

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The Amended Credit Agreement also requires certain mandatory prepayments of principal whereby the borrowers must prepay outstanding loans, subject to certain exceptions, which includes, among other things:

No mandatory prepayments were required for three months ended May 25, 2018 or for fiscal 2017.

On November 29, 2016, the Credit Group received all required approvals from the lenders and entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement (Amendment 4) dated as of November 5, 2016 (the Amendment 4 Effective Date) which, among other things, adopted the ARCA. Pursuant to Amendment 4, the borrowers agreed to pay the Administrative Agent a fee in the amount of $1 million pursuant to a separate agreement and to pay a fee in the form of an additional term loan, in the amount of $5 million for the ratable account of the term lenders party to Amendment 4. Additionally, SMART Global Holdings was obligated to make an aggregate equity investment of at least $9.9 million in cash in Global, and SMART Global Holdings was obligated to issue 3,467,571 warrants (the Lender Warrants) to purchase ordinary shares of SMART Global Holdings, to the term lenders party to Amendment 4, which Lender Warrants were exercisable at $0.03 per share, with 1,541,143 warrants (the First Tranche Warrants) exercisable immediately and 1,926,428 warrants (the Second Tranche Warrants), exercisable only if there were balances outstanding under the original term loans at the one year anniversary of the Amendment 4 Effective Date. The relative fair value of the Lender Warrants and the fees payable to the lenders in connection with the ARCA were recorded as debt discount and resulted in additional interest expense over the then amended term of the loan using the effective interest method following debt modification accounting.

Under the terms of the ARCA, the quarterly scheduled principal payments of term loans were increased to $3.9 million per quarter to be paid on the last day of each fiscal quarter starting November 25, 2016 and early mandatory repayments of principle were applied in the reverse order of maturity.

On June 2, 2017, SMART Global Holdings contributed $61.0 million from the proceeds of the IPO, to Global which proceeds Global in turn used to pay down the original term loans as required under the ARCA, resulted in a $6.7 million loss on early repayment of long-term debt. As of August 9, 2017, prior to the one year anniversary of the Amendment 4 Effective Date, the Credit Group entered into the Amended Credit Agreement with new term loans in the aggregate principal amount of $165 million with different lenders and the Second Tranche Warrants were terminated. The proceeds from the Amended Credit Agreement were used to fully repay and refinance the term loans under the ARCA in the principal amount of $151.0 million, which resulted in a write off of $15.2 million of original issue discount and debt issuance costs as an extinguishment loss.

Term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement were issued at a discount of 2.0% of the then outstanding principal amount of $165 million, for a discount of $3.3 million. The Company incurred $8.7 million in debt issuance costs upon entering into the Amended Credit Agreement, of which $5.3 million was attributable to the term loans and recorded as a direct reduction to the face amount of the term loans, and $3.4 million was allocated to the revolving line of credit and recorded as a separate asset on the balance sheet. Debt issuance costs and debt discount related to term loans are being amortized to interest expense based on the effective interest rate method over the life of the term loans. Those fees allocated to the revolving line of credit are being amortized to interest expense ratably over the life of the revolving line of credit.

As of May 25, 2018, the outstanding principal balance of term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement was $152.6 million and there were no outstanding revolving loans. As of August 25, 2017, the outstanding principal balance of term loans under the Amended Credit Agreement was $165.0 million and there were no outstanding revolving loans. The fair value of the term loans as of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017 was estimated to be approximately $151.9 million and $164.2 million, respectively. Since the Company used broker quotes from inactive markets and there were no unobservable inputs, this was treated as a Level 2 financial instrument.

BNDES Credit Agreements

In December 2013, SMART Brazil, entered into a credit facility with the Brazilian Development Bank, or BNDES, referred to as the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement. Under the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement, a total of R$50.6 million (or $14.5 million) was made available to SMART Brazil for investments in infrastructure, research and development conducted in Brazil and acquisitions of equipment not otherwise available in the Brazilian domestic market. SMART Brazil's obligations under the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement are guaranteed by Banco Itaú BBA S.A., or Itaú Bank, which guarantee is in turn secured by a guarantee from SMART

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Brazil and SMART do Brazil and a commitment by SMART Brazil to maintain minimum cash balances with Itaú Bank equal to 11.85% of the maximum aggregate balance of principal, interest and fees outstanding under the BNDES 20 13 Credit Agreement. The committed amount was R$6.0 million (or $1.7 million), which is shown on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash in other noncurrent assets.

As of May 25, 2018, SMART Brazil's outstanding debt under the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement was R$16.1 million (or $4.6 million), of which R$7.9 million (or $2.3 million) accrues interest at the fixed rate of 3.5% and R$8.2 million (or $2.3 million) of the debt accrues interest at the floating rate of 0.5% above the TJLP rate published by the Central Bank of Brazil, or BZTJLP (5.0%), combined corresponding to an overall effective interest rate of 5.5% per annum. As of August 25, 2017, SMART Brazil's outstanding debt under the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement was R$25.6 million (or $8.2 million), of which R$12.6 million (or $4.0 million) accrues interest at the fixed rate of 3.5% and R$13.0 million (or $4.2 million) of the debt accrues interest at the floating rate of 0.5% above the TJLP rate published by the Central Bank of Brazil, or BZTJLP (5.0%), combined corresponding to an overall effective interest rate of 5.5% per annum.

The facility under the BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement is a term loan fully amortizing in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on August 15, 2015 with the final principal payment being due on July 15, 2019.

In December 2014, SMART Brazil, entered into a second credit facility with BNDES, referred to as the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement. The BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement and the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement are collectively referred to as the BNDES Agreements. Under the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement, a total of R$52.8 million (or $15.2 million) was made available to SMART Brazil for research and development conducted in Brazil related to integrated circuit (IC) packaging and for acquisitions of equipment not otherwise available in the Brazilian domestic market.

SMART Brazil's obligations under the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement are also guaranteed by Itaú Bank, which guarantee is in turn secured by a guarantee from SMART Brazil and SMART do Brazil and a commitment by SMART Brazil to maintain minimum cash balances with Itaú Bank equal to 30.31% of the maximum aggregate balance of principal, interest and fees outstanding under the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement, or approximately R$16.0 million (or $4.6 million) of required cash balances, which is shown on the Company's condensed consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash in other noncurrent assets.

The outstanding debt under the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement accrues interest at a fixed rate of 4% per annum. The BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement is a term loan fully amortizing in 48 equal monthly installments beginning on August 15, 2016 with the final principal payment being due on July 15, 2020.

As of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017, SMART Brazil's outstanding debt under the BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement was R$29.7 million (or $8.5 million) and R$39.6 million (or $12.6 million), respectively.

While the BNDES Agreements do not include any financial covenants, they contain affirmative and negative covenants customary for loans of this nature, including, among other things, an obligation to comply with all laws and regulations; a right for BNDES to terminate the loan in the event of a change of effective control; and a prohibition against the disposition or encumbrance, without BNDES consent, of intellectual property developed with the funds from the loans. The BNDES 2013 Credit Agreement includes an obligation to draw down the entire loan within specified periods of time or pay unused commitment fees of 0.1%. The BNDES 2014 Credit Agreement required a loan fee of 0.3% of the total face amount of the loan facility.

The fair value of amounts outstanding under the BNDES Agreements as of May 25, 2018 and August 25, 2017 were estimated to be approximately $11.6 million and $16.9 million, respectively. Since the Company used broker quotes from inactive markets and there were no unobservable inputs, this was treated as a Level 2 financial instrument.

The Amended Credit Agreement and the BNDES Agreements are classified as follows in the accompanying consolidating balance sheets (in thousands):

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The future minimum principal payments under the ARCA and the BNDES Agreements as of May 25, 2018 are (in thousands):

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The fair value of the Company's cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximates the carrying amount due to the relatively short maturity of these items. Cash and cash equivalents consist of funds held in general checking and savings accounts, money market accounts, and securities with maturities of less than 90 days at the time of purchase. The Company does not have investments in variable rate demand notes or auction rate securities.

The FASB guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets to identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following (in millions):

Equity Awards

On August 26, 2011, the board of directors adopted the Saleen Holdings, Inc. 2011 Stock Incentive Plan which has been amended and restated and is now known as the SMART Global Holdings, Inc. Amended and Restated 2017 Share Incentive Plan (the SGH Plan). The SGH Plan provides for grants of equity awards to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. Options granted under the SGH Plan provide the option to purchase SMART Global Holdings' ordinary shares at the fair value of such shares on the grant date. The options generally vest over a four-year period beginning on the grant date with either a one-year or two-year cliff and then monthly thereafter, and generally have a ten-year term. Options granted after August 26, 2011 and before September 23, 2014, and performance-based options granted in March 2018 have an eight year term. As of May 25, 2018, there were 3,563,975 ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the SGH Plan, of which 571,694 ordinary shares were available for grant. As of August 25, 2017, there were 3,657,761 ordinary shares reserved for issuance under the SGH Plan, of which 1,491,266 ordinary shares were available for grant.

Summary of Assumptions and Activity

The fair value of each option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model that uses the assumptions noted in the following table. Prior to the Company's initial public offering on May 30, 2017, the fair value of the ordinary shares underlying the Company's equity awards had historically been determined by the Company's board of directors. Because there had been no public market for the Company's ordinary shares and in the absence of recent arm's-length cash sales transactions of the Company's ordinary shares with independent third parties, the Company's board of directors had determined the fair value of the Company's ordinary shares by considering at the time of grant a number of objective and subjective factors, including the following: the value of tangible and intangible assets of the Company, the present value of anticipated future cash flows of the Company, the market value of stock or equity interests in similar corporations and other entities engaged in businesses substantially similar to those engaged in by the Company, the Company's current financial condition and anticipated expenses, control discounts for the lack of marketability, the Company's need for additional capital, current and potential strategic relationships and competitive developments and periodic valuations from an independent third-party valuation firm.

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The expected volatil ity is based on the historical volatilities of the common stock of comparable publicly traded companies. The expected term of options granted represents the weighted average period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding giving consider ation to vesting schedules and the historical exercise patterns. The risk-free interest rate for the expected term of the option is based on the average U.S. Treasury yield curve at the end of the quarter in which the option was granted.

The following assumptions were used to value the Company's stock options:

SGH Plan-Options

A summary of option activity for the SGH Plan is presented below (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data):

In March 2018, the Company granted two performance-based stock options that contained a stock market index as a benchmark for performance (Market-Based Options). The share-based compensation expense for these options is recognized over the requisite service period by tranche. The exercisability of Market-Based Options will depend upon the 30-trading day rolling average closing price of Company's ordinary shares. If the target price is not achieved by the end of 4 th or 7 th anniversary of the respective grant date, the options will expire. The fair value of Market-Based Options is determined by using a Monte Carlo valuation model, using the following assumptions:

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The Black-Scholes weighted average fair value of options granted under the SGH Plan during the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 was $18.31 and $18.22 per share, respectively, and $7.16 and $7.03 per share, respectively, for the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017. The total intrinsic value of employee stock options exercised in the three and nine months ended May 25, 2018 was $7.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively, and $0.7 million for both the corresponding periods of fiscal 2017. As of May 25, 2018, there was approximately $23.9 million of unrecognized compensation costs related to stock options under the SGH Plan, whi ch will be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.19 years.

SGH Plan-Restricted Stock Awards (RSAs) and Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)

A summary of the changes in RSAs and RSUs outstanding is presented below (dollars and shares in thousands, except per share data):