Petro River Oil Corp (PTRC) SEC Annual Report (10-K) for 2015

Our operations are currently primarily focused on exploring and producing in the Mississippian Lime play, but we also have heavy oil reservoirs in Missouri which continue to be under technical review. We have an extensive amount of technical and reservoir information on our Missouri property. The data is being utilized in the understanding and test phases to develop an economic heavy oil production reserve base. In addition to our current research and development efforts, we are in discussions with industry partners to capitalize on and develop acreage in the Mississippian Lime, including possible joint venture partners and acquisition targets.

We were originally incorporated under the Company Act (British Columbia) on February 8, 2000 under the name Brockton Capital Corp. We then changed our name to MegaWest Energy Corp. effective February 27, 2010 before changing it to Gravis Oil Corp. on June 20, 2011. On September 11, 2012, we re-organized under the laws of the State of Delaware as a corporation organized under the Delaware General Corporation Law. Prior to September 11, 2012, and at April 30, 2012, we were organized under the laws of Alberta, Canada.

Petro River Oil LLC (" Petro "), our wholly owned subsidiary, was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 3, 2011. Through proceeds received from the issuance of various promissory notes, on February 1, 2012, Petro purchased various interests in oil and gas leases, wells, records, data and related personal property located along the Mississippi Lime play in the state of Kansas from Metro Energy Corporation (" Metro "), a Louisiana company, and other interrelated entities, through a court approved order as Metro was undergoing Chapter 11 Bankruptcy proceedings as a Debtor-In-Possession of these various oil and gas assets. Petro purchased these assets for cash consideration of $2,000,000 as well as a 25% non-managing membership interest in Petro.  We engaged Energy Source Advisors to renew a number of the leases acquired in the Metro purchase and to lease additional acreage. As a result of the asset purchase from Metro and the completion of the additional lease renewals and additional acreage purchases, we obtained a total of 115,000 gross (85,000 net acres) of leases, having unproven reserves at the time of acquisition, in the Mississippi Lime in Southeast Kansas for total cost of $12.2 million.

On April 23, 2013, the Company executed and consummated a securities purchase agreement by and among the Company, Petro, and the investors in Petro (the " Investors "), namely, the holders of outstanding secured promissory notes of Petro (the " Notes "), and those holding membership interests in Petro (the " Membership Interests ", and, together with the Notes, the " Acquired Securities ") sold by Petro (the " Share Exchange "). In the Share Exchange, the Investors exchanged their Acquired Securities for 591,021,011 newly issued shares of the Company's common stock. Upon completion of the Share Exchange, Petro became the Company's wholly owned subsidiary.

As a result of the Share Exchange, the Company acquired 100% of the membership units of Petro and consequently, control of the business and operations of Petro. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (" U.S. GAAP "), because Petro's former members and note holders held 80% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company as a result of the Share Exchange, Petro is deemed the accounting acquirer while the Company remains the legal acquirer. Petro adopted the fiscal year of the Company. Prior to the Share Exchange, all historical financial statements presented are those of Petro. The equity of the Company is the historical equity of Petro, restated to reflect the number of shares issued by the Company in the transaction.

Acquisition of Interest in Bandolier Energy LLC .    On May 30, 2014, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement pursuant to which the Company was issued a 50% interest in Bandolier Energy, LLC (" Bandolier ") in exchange for a capital contribution of $5.0 million (the " Bandolier Acquisition "). In connection with the Bandolier Acquisition, the Company has the right to appoint a majority of the board of managers of Bandolier. The Company's Executive Chairman is a manager of, and investor in, Pearsonia West Investment Group, LLC (" PWIG "), a special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of investing in Bandolier with the Company and Ranger Station, LLC (" Ranger Station "). Concurrently with the Bandolier Acquisition, PWIG was issued a 44% interest in Bandolier for cash consideration of $4.4 million, and Ranger Station was issued a 6% interest in Bandolier for cash consideration of $600,000. In connection with PWIG's investment in Bandolier, the Company and PWIG entered into an agreement, dated May 30, 2014, granting the members of PWIG an option, exercisable at any time prior to May 30, 2017, to exchange their pro rata share of the Bandolier membership interests for shares of the Company's common stock, at a price of $0.08 per share, subject to adjustment (the " Option "). The Option, if fully exercised, would result in the Company issuing 55,000,000 shares of its common stock, or 6% to the members of PWIG. 

The Company has operational control along with a 50% ownership interest in Bandolier. As a result, the Company consolidates Bandolier. The remaining 50% non–controlling interest represents the equity investment from PWIG and Ranger Station. The Company will allocate the proportionate share of the net operating income/loss to both the Company and the non-controlling interest.

Subsequent to the initial capitalization of Bandolier, Bandolier acquired for $8,712,893, less a $407,161 claw back, all of the issued and outstanding equity of Spyglass Energy Group, LLC (" Spyglass "), the owner of oil and gas leases, leaseholds, lands, and options and concessions thereto located in Osage County, Oklahoma. Spyglass controls a significant contiguous oil and gas acreage position in Northeastern Oklahoma, consisting of approximately 106,880 acres, with substantial original oil in place, stacked reservoirs, as well as exploratory and development opportunities that can be accessed through both horizontal and vertical drilling. Significant infrastructure is already in place including 32 square miles of 3D seismic, 3 phase power, a dedicated sub-station as well as multiple oil producing horizontal wells.

As a result of Bandolier's subsequent acquisition of Spyglass, the Company has both proven developed and proven undeveloped oil and gas assets.  On September 17, 2014, Spyglass has received from the Osage Minerals Counsel at a duly called meeting in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, an extension to its 2014 well commitment due under its concession agreement to extend the time to drill four wells until December 31, 2015.

The Company recorded the purchase of Spyglass using the acquisition method of accounting as specified in  ASC 805 "Business Combinations."  This method of accounting requires the acquirer to (i) record purchase consideration issued to sellers in a business combination at fair value on the date control is obtained, (ii) determine the fair value of any non-controlling interest, and (iii) allocate the purchase consideration to all tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their acquisition date fair values. Further, the Company commenced reporting the results of Spyglass on a consolidated basis with those of the Company effective upon the date of the acquisition.

Recent Developments

Acquisition of Havelide Assets.   On February 18, 2015, Petro Spring I, LLC (" Petro Spring I "), a Delaware limited liability company wholly owned by Petro Spring, entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement (" Havelide Purchase Agreement ") to purchase substantially all of the assets of Havelide GTL LLC (" Havelide "), consisting of certain patents and other intellectual property, trade secrets, and assets developed and owned by Havelide to produce a gasoline-like liquid and high-purity hydrogen from natural gas, at low temperature and at low pressure (the " Havelide Assets ").  The purchase of the Havelide Assets was consummated on February 27, 2015.  Havelide was founded by Stephen Boyd, who joined the Company as its Chief Technology Officer under the terms of an Employment Agreement dated February 18, 2015.

Under the terms of the Havelide Purchase Agreement, in consideration for the Havelide Assets, the Company issued to Havelide 13,333,333 shares of common stock of the Company and a warrant to purchase an additional 26,666,667 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.25 per share. The shares of the Company's common stock were valued at approximately $520,000 based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on February 27, 2015.

The Company computed the economic benefit of the above warrant grant as of February 27, 2015 utilizing a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company utilized the following assumptions: common share value based on the fair value of the Company's common stock as quoted on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board, $0.039; Exercise price of $0.25; expected volatility of 176%; and a discount rate of 1.50%. The grant date fair value was $923,685.

The oil and natural gas business involves a variety of operating hazards and risks such as well blowouts, craterings, pipe failures, casing collapse, explosions, uncontrollable flows of oil, natural gas or well fluids, fires, formations with abnormal pressures, pipeline ruptures or spills, pollution, releases of toxic gas and other environmental hazards and risks. These hazards and risks could result in substantial losses to us from, among other things, injury or loss of life, severe damage to or destruction of property, natural resources and equipment, pollution or other environmental damage, clean-up responsibilities, regulatory investigation and penalties and suspension of operations. 

In accordance with customary industry practices, we expect to maintain insurance against some, but not all, of such risks and losses. There can be no assurance that any insurance we obtain would be adequate to cover any losses or liabilities. We cannot predict the continued availability of insurance or the availability of insurance at premium levels that justify its purchase. The occurrence of a significant event not fully insured or indemnified against could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and operations. 

Pollution and environmental risks generally are not fully insurable. The occurrence of an event not fully covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our future financial condition. If we were unable to obtain adequate insurance, we could be forced to participate in all of our activities on a non-operated basis, which would limit our ability to control the risks associated with oil and natural gas operations.

Previously, we did not have any research and development policies in place. We formed Petro Spring, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary, on December 12, 2013, to begin to focus on technology solutions related to the oil and gas industry.  During the year ended April 30, 2015, we purchased the Havelide and Coalthane Assets.  We are currently trying to determine a monetization strategy for these assets.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our results of operations as well as the carrying value of our oil and gas properties are substantially dependent upon the prices of oil and natural gas, which have substantially declined since June 2014.  In the event such decline continues for a prolonged period of time our results of operations could be adversely affected, and our ability to continue our planned development and acquisition activities could be substantially curtailed.

Currently, our costs to maintain our unproved properties include non-producing leasehold, geological and geophysical costs associated with leasehold or drilling interests and in process exploration drilling costs. In the future, our results of operations and the ceiling on the carrying value of our oil and gas properties will be dependent on the estimated present value of proved reserves, which depends on the prevailing prices for oil and gas, which have substantially declined since July 2014. Various factors beyond our control affect prices of oil and natural gas, including political and economic conditions; worldwide and domestic supplies of and demand for oil and gas; weather conditions; the ability of the members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries to agree on and maintain price and production controls; political instability or armed conflict in oil-producing regions; the price of foreign imports; the level of consumer demand; the price and availability of alternative fuels; and changes in existing federal and state regulations. In the event the recent substantial decline in oil and gas prices continues for a prolonged period of time our operations, financial condition could be materially and adversely affected, and the level of development and exploration expenditures could be substantially curtailed.  These conditions could ultimately result in a reduction in the carrying value of our oil and gas properties. A continued decline in prices for oil and gas would also likely cause a reduction in the amount of any reserves and, in turn, in the amount that we might be able to borrow to fund development and acquisition activities.

We recently acquired certain assets unrelated to our traditional oil and gas properties.  The acquired technologies are in development stage, have not been proven, and require additional capital to develop.  We may not be able to successfully raise sufficient capital or otherwise successfully develop these technology assets.

We have a limited operating history and if we are not successful in continuing to grow our business, then we may have to scale back or even cease our ongoing business operations.

We have received a limited amount of revenues from operations and have limited assets. To date, we have acquired interests in oil and gas properties, but have not established a project on any of our properties that generates commercial revenues and there can be no assurance that we will ever operate profitably. We have a limited operating history. Our success is significantly dependent on a successful acquisition, drilling, completion and production program. Our operations will be subject to all the risks inherent in the establishment of a developing enterprise and the uncertainties arising from the absence of a significant operating history. We may be unable to locate recoverable reserves or operate on a profitable basis. We are in the exploration stage and potential investors should be aware of the difficulties normally encountered by enterprises in the exploration stage. If our business plan is not successful, and we are not able to operate profitably, investors may lose some or all of their investment.

Because we are small and do not have much capital, we may have to limit our exploration activity which may result in a loss of your investment.

Because we are small and do not have much capital, we must limit our exploration activity. As such we may not be able to complete an exploration program that is as thorough as we would like. In that event, existing reserves may go undiscovered. Without finding reserves, we cannot generate revenues and you will lose your investment.

We had cash and cash equivalents at April 30, 2015 of $1,010,543. At April 30, 2015, we had a working capital of approximately $0.4 million. Management believes that the current level of working capital is not sufficient to maintain current operations in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma, as well as the planned added operations for the next 12 months. Management intends to continue to raise capital through debt and equity instruments.

Exploratory drilling is a speculative activity that may not result in commercially productive reserves and may require expenditures in excess of budgeted amounts.

Drilling activities are subject to many risks, including the risk that no commercially productive oil or gas reservoirs will be encountered. There can be no assurance that new wells drilled by us or in which we have an interest will be productive or that we will recover all or any portion of our investment. Drilling for oil and gas may involve unprofitable efforts, not only from dry wells, but also from wells that are productive but do not produce sufficient net revenues to return a profit after drilling, operating and other costs. The cost of drilling, completing and operating wells is often uncertain. Our drilling operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including economic conditions, mechanical problems, pressure or irregularities in formations, title problems, weather conditions, compliance with governmental requirements and shortages in or delays in the delivery of equipment and services. Such equipment shortages and delays sometimes involve drilling rigs where inclement weather prohibits the movement of land rigs causing a high demand for rigs by a large number of companies during a relatively short period of time. Our future drilling activities may not be successful. Lack of drilling success could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. 

Our operations are also subject to all of the hazards and risks normally incident to the development, exploitation, production and transportation of, and the exploration for, oil and gas, including unusual or unexpected geologic formations, pressures, down hole fires, mechanical failures, blowouts, explosions, uncontrollable flows of oil, gas or well fluids and pollution and other environmental risks. These hazards could result in substantial losses to us due to injury and loss of life, severe damage to and destruction of property and equipment, pollution and other environmental damage and suspension of operations. Insurance for wells in which we participate is generally obtained, although there can be no assurances that such coverage will be sufficient to prevent a material adverse effect to us if any of the foregoing events occur. 

We may not identify all risks associated with the acquisition of oil and natural gas properties, or existing wells, and any indemnifications we receive from sellers may be insufficient to protect us from such risks, which may result in unexpected liabilities and costs to us.

Our business strategy focuses on acquisitions of undeveloped and unproven oil and natural gas properties that we believe are capable of production. We may make additional acquisitions of undeveloped oil and gas properties from time to time, subject to available resources. Any future acquisitions will require an assessment of recoverable reserves, title, future oil and natural gas prices, operating costs, potential environmental hazards, potential tax and other liabilities and other factors.

Generally, it is not feasible for us to review in detail every individual property involved in a potential acquisition. In making acquisitions, we generally focus most of our title and valuation efforts on the properties that we believe to be more significant, or of higher-value. Even a detailed review of properties and records may not reveal all existing or potential problems, nor would it permit us to become sufficiently familiar with the properties to assess fully their deficiencies and capabilities. In addition, we do not inspect in detail every well that we acquire. Potential problems, such as deficiencies in the mechanical integrity of equipment or environmental conditions that may require significant remedial expenditures, are not necessarily observable even when we perform a detailed inspection. Any unidentified problems could result in material liabilities and costs that negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we are able to identify problems with an acquisition, the seller may be unwilling or unable to provide effective contractual protection or indemnity against all or part of these problems. Even if a seller agrees to provide indemnity, the indemnity may not be fully enforceable or may be limited by floors and caps, and the financial wherewithal of such seller may significantly limit our ability to recover our costs and expenses. Any limitation on our ability to recover the costs related any potential problem could materially impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We are/will be subject to various operating and other casualty risks that could result in liability exposure or the loss of production and revenues.

Our oil and gas business involves (or will involve as operations activities increase) a variety of operating risks, including, but not limited to, unexpected formations or pressures, uncontrollable flows of oil, gas, brine or well fluids into the environment (including groundwater contamination), blowouts, fires, explosions, pollution and other risks, any of which could result in personal injuries, loss of life, damage to properties and substantial losses. Although we carry insurance at levels that we believe are reasonable, we are not fully insured against all risks. We do not carry business interruption insurance. Losses and liabilities arising from uninsured or under-insured events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operations. 

The cost of operating wells is often uncertain. Our drilling operations may be curtailed, delayed or canceled as a result of numerous factors, including title problems, weather conditions, compliance with governmental requirements and shortages or delays in the delivery of equipment. Furthermore, completion of a well does not assure a profit on the investment or a recovery of drilling, completion and operating costs.

We face significant competition, and many of our competitors have resources in excess of our available resources.

The oil and gas industry is highly competitive. We encounter competition from other oil and gas companies in all areas of our operations, including the acquisition of producing properties and exploratory prospects and sale of crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids. Our competitors include major integrated oil and gas companies and numerous independent oil and gas companies, individuals and drilling and income programs. Many of our competitors are large, well established companies with substantially larger operating staffs and greater capital resources than us. Such companies may be able to pay more for productive oil and gas properties and exploratory prospects and to define, evaluate, bid for and purchase a greater number of properties and prospects than our financial or human resources permit. Our ability to acquire additional properties and to discover reserves in the future will depend upon our ability to evaluate and select suitable properties and to consummate transactions in this highly competitive environment.

Strategic relationships upon which we may rely are subject to change, which may diminish our ability to conduct our operations.

Our ability to successfully acquire additional properties, to discover and develop reserves, to participate in drilling opportunities and to identify and enter into commercial arrangements with customers will depend on developing and maintaining close working relationships with industry participants and on our ability to select and evaluate suitable properties and to consummate transactions in a highly competitive environment. These realities are subject to change and may impair our ability to grow.

To develop our business, we will endeavor to use the business relationships of our management to enter into strategic relationships, which may take the form of joint ventures with other private parties and contractual arrangements with other oil and gas companies, including those that supply equipment and other resources that we will use in our business. We may not be able to establish these strategic relationships, or if established, we may not be able to maintain them. In addition, the dynamics of our relationships with strategic partners may require us to incur expenses or undertake activities we would not otherwise be inclined to in order to fulfill our obligations to these partners or maintain our relationships. If our strategic relationships are not established or maintained, our business prospects may be limited, which could diminish our ability to conduct our operations.

We may not have satisfactory title or rights to all of our current or future properties.

Prior to acquiring undeveloped properties, our contract land professionals review title records or other title review materials relating to substantially all of such properties. The title investigation performed by us prior to acquiring undeveloped properties is thorough, but less rigorous than that conducted prior to drilling, consistent with industry standards. Prior to drilling we obtain a title opinion on the drill site. However, a title opinion does not necessarily ensure satisfactory title. We believe we have satisfactory title to our producing properties in accordance with standards generally accepted in the oil and gas industry. Our properties are subject to customary royalty interests, liens incident to operating agreements, liens for current taxes and other burdens, which we believe do not materially interfere with the use of or affect the value of such properties. In the normal course of our business, title defects and lease issues of varying degrees arise, and, if practicable, reasonable efforts are made to cure such defects and issues.

We may be responsible for additional costs in connection with abandonment of properties.

We are responsible for payment of plugging and abandonment costs on our oil and gas properties pro rata to our working interest. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in avoiding additional expenses in connection with the abandonment of any of our properties. In addition, abandonment costs and their timing may change due to many factors, including actual production results, inflation rates and changes in environmental laws and regulations.

Governmental regulations could adversely affect our business.

Our business is subject to certain federal, state and local laws and regulations on taxation, the exploration for, and development, production and marketing of, oil and natural gas, and environmental and safety matters. Many laws and regulations require drilling permits and govern the spacing of wells, rates of production, prevention of waste and other matters. These laws and regulations have increased the costs of our operations. In addition, these laws and regulations, and any others that are passed by the jurisdictions where we have production, could limit the total number of wells drilled or the allowable production from successful wells, which could limit our revenues.

Laws and regulations relating to our business frequently change, and future laws and regulations, including changes to existing laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business.

In particular and without limiting the foregoing, various tax proposals currently under consideration could result in an increase and acceleration of the payment of federal income taxes assessed against independent oil and natural gas producers, for example by eliminating the ability to expense intangible drilling costs, removing the percentage depletion allowance and increasing the amortization period for geological and geophysical expenses. Any of these changes would increase our tax burden. 

All states in which the Company owns leases require permits for drilling operations, drilling bonds and reports concerning operations and impose other requirements relating to the exploration for and production of oil and gas. Such states also have statutes or regulations addressing conservation matters, including provisions for the unitization or pooling of oil and gas properties, the establishment of maximum rates of production from wells and the regulation of spacing, plugging and abandonment of such wells. The statutes and regulations of these states limit the rate at which oil and gas can be produced from our properties. However, we do not believe we will be affected materially differently by these statutes and regulations than any other similarly situated oil and gas company.

Environmental liabilities could adversely affect our business.

In the event of a release of oil, natural gas or other pollutants from our operations into the environment, we could incur liability for any and all consequences of such release, including personal injuries, property damage, cleanup costs and governmental fines. We could potentially discharge these materials into the environment in several ways, including: 

In addition, because we may acquire interests in properties that have been operated in the past by others, we may be liable for environmental damage, including historical contamination, caused by such former operators. Additional liabilities could also arise from continuing violations or contamination that we have not yet discovered relating to the acquired properties or any of our other properties.

To the extent we incur any environmental liabilities, it could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition. 

Climate change legislation, regulation and litigation could materially adversely affect us.

There is an increased focus by local, state and national regulatory bodies on greenhouse gas (" GHG ") emissions and climate change. Various regulatory bodies have announced their intent to regulate GHG emissions, including the United States Environmental Protection Agency, which promulgated several GHG regulations in 2010 and late 2009. As these regulations are under development or are being challenged in the courts, we are unable to predict the total impact of these potential regulations upon our business, and it is possible that we could face increases in operating costs in order to comply with GHG emission legislation.

Passage of legislation or regulations that regulate or restrict emissions of GHG, or GHG-related litigation instituted against us, could result in direct costs to us and could also result in changes to the consumption and demand for natural gas and carbon dioxide produced from our oil and natural gas properties, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Position and Capital Requirements

We currently require additional capital to execute our business plan and continue as a going concern.  If we are unable to obtain funding, our business operations will be harmed, and we may not be able to continue as a going concern.

We will require additional capital to continue to operate our business, further expand our exploration and development programs, and continue as a going concern.  We may be unable to obtain additional capital required. Furthermore, inability to maintain capital may damage our reputation and credibility with industry participants. Our inability to raise additional funds when required will have a negative impact on our consolidated results of operations and financial condition. 

Future acquisitions and future exploration, development, production, leasing activities and marketing activities, as well as our administrative requirements (such as salaries, insurance expenses and general overhead expenses, as well as legal compliance costs and accounting expenses) will require a substantial amount of additional capital and cash flow. 

We may pursue sources of additional capital through various financing transactions or arrangements, including joint venturing of projects, debt financing, equity financing or other means. We may not be successful in raising the capital needed and we may not obtain the capital we require by other means. This will adversely affect our consolidated financial results, financial condition and our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have a history of losses, which may continue, which may negatively impact our ability to achieve our business objectives and continue as a going concern.

We incurred a net loss of $6,344,579 for the year ended April 30, 2015. To date, we have acquired interests in oil and gas properties, but have not established a project on any of our properties that generates commercial revenues. We cannot assure you that we can achieve or sustain profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. Our operations are subject to the risks and competition inherent in the establishment of a business enterprise. There can be no assurance that future operations will be profitable. Revenues and profits, if any, will depend upon various factors, including whether we will be able to continue expansion of our revenue. We may not achieve our business objectives and the failure to achieve such goals would have an adverse impact on us.

As our Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma properties are in early stages of development, we may not be able to establish commercial reserves on these projects. Exploration for commercial reserves of oil is subject to a number of risk factors. Few of the properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing oil and/or gas fields. As of April 30, 2015, only a portion of the reserves associated with the Missouri Marmaton River and Grassy Creek projects are classified as developed and production activities have been suspended since September 2011, and, although the Bandolier Acquisition provided us with both proven developed and proven undeveloped oil and gas assets, we are still in need of substantial capital to commence drilling operations. Management determined that these properties were impaired and continues to seek funding so that the Company can consider future development of its heavy oil properties. We may not be able to establish commercial reserves and it is therefore considered to be an exploration stage company.

Our results of operations as well as the carrying value of our oil and gas properties are substantially dependent upon the prices of oil and natural gas, which historically have been volatile and are likely to continue to be volatile.

Our future financial condition, access to capital, cash flows and results of operations depend upon the prices we receive for our oil and natural gas. Historically, oil and natural gas prices have been volatile and are subject to fluctuations in response to changes in supply and demand, market uncertainty and a variety of additional factors that are beyond our control. Factors that affect the prices we receive for our oil and natural gas include: 

Any prolonged decline in oil or gas prices could have a material adverse effect on our operations, financial condition, and level of development and exploration expenditures and could result in a reduction in the carrying value of our oil and gas properties.

Our internal controls over financial reporting have been determined to not be effective, which could have a significant and adverse effect on our business.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC, which we collectively refer to as "Section 404," require us to evaluate our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on those internal controls as of the end of each year. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important in our effort to prevent financial fraud. In the course of our Section 404 evaluations, we have identified conditions that resulted in material weaknesses and we have concluded that enhancements, modifications or changes to our internal controls are necessary or desirable. Implementing any such matters would divert the attention of our management, could involve significant costs, and may negatively impact our results of operations. 

We note that there are inherent limitations on the effectiveness of internal controls, as they cannot prevent collusion, management override or failure of human judgment. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls or if management or our independent registered public accounting firm were to discover material weaknesses in our internal controls, we may be unable to produce reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, and it could harm our financial condition and results of operations, result in a loss of investor confidence and negatively impact our share price.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The liquidity, market price and volume of our stock are volatile.

Our common stock is not traded on any exchange, but is currently quoted on the OTC Markets. The liquidity of our common stock may be adversely affected, and purchasers of our common stock may have difficulty selling our common stock, particularly if our common stock does not continue to be quoted on the OTC Markets on another recognized quotation services or exchange. 

The trading price of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to quarter-to-quarter variations in our operating results, announcements of our drilling results and other events or factors. In addition, the U.S. stock markets have from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected the market price for many companies and which often have been unrelated to the operating performance of these companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our securities. 

Our stock is categorized as a penny stock. Trading of our stock may be restricted by the Security and Exchange Commission's penny stock regulations, which may limit a stockholder's ability to buy and sell our stock.

Our stock is categorized as a "penny stock." The Securities and Exchange Commission (" SEC ") has adopted Rule 15g-9 which generally defines "penny stock" to be any equity security that has a market price (as defined) less than $5.00 per share or an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. Our securities are covered by the penny stock rules, which impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from the rules, to deliver a standardized risk disclosure document in a form prepared by the SEC, which provides information about penny stocks and the nature and level of risks in the penny stock market. The broker-dealer also must provide the customer with current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock, the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction and monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer's account. The bid and offer quotations, and the broker-dealer and salesperson compensation information, must be given to the customer orally or in writing prior to effecting the transaction and must be given to the customer in writing before or with the customer's confirmation. In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from these rules, the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser's written agreement to the transaction. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the level of trading activity in the secondary market for the stock that is subject to these penny stock rules. Consequently, these penny stock rules may affect the ability of broker-dealers to trade our securities. We believe that the penny stock rules discourage investor interest in and limit the marketability of our common stock.

FINRA sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder's ability to buy and sell our stock.

In addition to the "penny stock" rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative low priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer's financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. The FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our stock and have an adverse effect on the market for our shares.

We have paid no cash dividends on any of our classes of capital stock to date and currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends will depend upon our financial condition, contractual restrictions, financing agreement covenants, solvency tests imposed by corporate law, results of operations, anticipated cash requirements and other factors and will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Furthermore, we may incur indebtedness that may severely restrict or prohibit the payment of dividends.

The market price for our shares may decline following the implementation of a reverse split.

At our 2015 annual meeting of stockholders, our shareholders gave the Board of Directors the authority to effect a reverse split of our authorized, and issued and outstanding shares of common stock at a ratio of not less than 1-for-2, and not greater than 1-for-250, with the exact ratio to be set by the Board. In the event we  affect a reverse split,  no assurances can be given that the reverse split will have a long-term positive effect on the market price of our common stock.  The market price of our common stock is based on factors that may be unrelated to the number of shares outstanding.  These factors include our performance, general economic and market conditions and other factors, many of which are beyond our control.  The market price for our post-split shares may not rise or remain constant in proportion to the reduction in the number of pre-split shares outstanding before the reverse split.  Accordingly, the total market capitalization of our common stock after a reverse split may be lower than the total market capitalization before the reverse split.

Oklahoma

Kansas

Through proceeds received from the issuance of various promissory notes, on February 1, 2012 Petro purchased various interests in oil and gas leases, wells, records, data and related personal property located along the Mississippi Lime play in the state of Kansas from Metro, a Louisiana company and other interrelated entities through a court approved order as Metro was undergoing Chapter 11 Bankruptcy proceedings as a Debtor-In-Possession of these various oil and gas assets. Petro purchased these assets for cash considerations of $2.0 million as well as a 25% non-managing membership interest in the Company. The Company engaged Energy Source Advisors to renew a number of the leases acquired in the Metro purchase and to lease additional acreage. As a result of the asset purchase from Metro and the completion of the additional lease renewals and additional acreage purchases, the Company obtained a total of 115,000 gross (85,000 net acres) of leases, having unproven reserves at the time of acquisition, in the Mississippi Lime play in Southeast Kansas for total cost of $12.2 million. The Company also acquired over 60 square miles of proprietary 3D seismic data over prospective Mississippi Lime acreage in the same area. During the year ended April 30, 2014, management engaged an independent third party to test the Kansas assets for impairment. Throughout the year, management was not aware of any impairment indicators, but during the annual impairment test, the third party specialist concluded that the Kansas assets were impaired by $4,638,973, principally due to comparable acreage values. No further impairment was recorded on these assets during the year ended April 30, 2015.

Missouri

Historically, on separate pilot projects at Deerfield, the Company built two 500 barrel of oil per day steam drive production facilities (Marmaton River and Grassy Creek) comprised of 116 production wells, 39 steam injection wells and 14 service and observation wells. Throughout the Deerfield area, the Company has drilled 73 exploration/delineation wells with a 67% success rate.

As of April 30, 2015 and 2014, all Missouri assets were carried at salvage value, since the Company's current business plans do not contemplate raising the necessary capital to develop these properties. The Company is in current discussions with third parties to use the acreage as a testing site for heavy oil solutions with contemplated profit sharing opportunities.

Other

Other property consists primarily of four used steam generators and related equipment that will be assigned to future projects. As of April 30, 2015, management concluded that impairment was not necessary as all other assets were carried at salvage value.

As of April 30, 2014, management engaged a third party to perform an independent study of the oil and gas assets. Management concluded that the Montana assets were impaired by $75,000 and the Kansas assets were impaired by $4,638,973. The Company recorded $4,713,973 impairment to the consolidated statements of operations during the year ended April 30, 2014. For the year ended April 30, 2015, the Company performed a ceiling test and recognized a $1,246,975 impairment on the Oklahoma property.

Petro has approximately 6.9 million in proven oil and gas reserves as of April 30, 2015 as a result of the Bandolier acquisition.  The Company had no proven oil and gas reserves as of April 30, 2014. For the year ended April 30, 2015 the reports by Pinnacle Energy Services, LLC  (" Pinnacle ") covered 100% of the Company's oil reserves. The Company did not have any recorded reserves as of April 30, 2014.

(a) In January 2010, the Company experienced a flood in its Calgary office premises as a result of a broken water pipe. There was significant damage to the premises rendering them unusable until the landlord had completed remediation. Pursuant to the lease contract, the Company asserted that rent should be abated during the remediation process and accordingly, the Company did not pay any rent after December 2009. During the remediation process, the Company engaged an independent environmental testing company to test for air quality and for the existence of other potentially hazardous conditions. The testing revealed the existence of potentially hazardous mold and the consultant provided specific written instructions for the effective remediation of the premises. During the remediation process, the landlord did not follow the consultant's instructions and correct the potentially hazardous mold situation and subsequently in June 2010 gave notice and declared the premises to be ready for occupancy. The Company re-engaged the consultant to re-test the premises and the testing results again revealed the presence of potentially hazardous mold. The Company determined that the premises were not fit for re-occupancy and considered the landlord to be in default of the lease and the lease terminated.

On January 30, 2014 the landlord filed a Statement of Claim against the Company for rental arrears in the amount aggregating approximately CAD $759,000. On October 20, 2014, the Company filed a summary judgment application stating that the landlord's claim is barred as it was commenced outside the 2-year statute of limitation period under the Alberta Limitations Act. The landlord subsequently filed a cross-application to amend its Statement of Claim to add a claim for loss of prospective rent in an amount of approximately CAD $665,000. The applications were heard on June 25, 2015.  The court reserved its decision and there is no specific timeline by which it must render a ruling.

(c) On August 11, 2014, Martha Donelson and John Friend amended their complaint in an existing lawsuit by filing a class action complaint styled:  Martha Donelson and John Friend, et al. v. United States of America, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs and Devon Energy Production, LP, et al.,  Case No. 14-CV-316-JHP-TLW, United States District Court for the Northern District of Oklahoma (the " Proceeding ").  The plaintiffs added as defendants twenty-seven (27) specifically named operators, including the Company, as well as all Osage County lessees and operators who have obtained a concession agreement, lease or drilling permit approved by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (" BIA ") in Osage County allegedly in violation of National Environmental Policy Act (" NEPA ").  Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that the BIA improperly approved oil and gas leases, concession agreements and drilling permits prior to August 12, 2014, without satisfying the BIA's obligations under federal regulations or NEPA, and seek a determination that such oil and gas leases, concession agreements and drilling permits are void  ab initio .  Plaintiffs are seeking damages against the defendants for alleged nuisance, trespass, negligence and unjust enrichment.

(d) Mega West Energy Missouri Corp. (" Mega West "), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, is involved in two cases related to oil leases in West Central, Missouri.  The first case ( James Long and Jodeane Long v. Mega West Energy Missouri and Petro River Oil Corp. , case number 13B4-CV00019)  is a case for unlawful detainer, pursuant to which the plaintiffs contend that Mega West oil and gas lease has expired and Mega West is unlawfully possessing the plaintiffs real property by asserting that the leases remain in effect.  The case was originally filed in Vernon County, Missouri on September 20, 2013.  Mega West filed an Answer and Counterclaims on November 26, 2013 and the plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss the counterclaims. Mega West filed a motion for Change of Judge and Change of Venue and the case was transferred to Barton County.  The court granted the motion to dismiss the counterclaims on February 3, 2014.   As to the other allegations in the complaint, the matter is still pending.

Mega West filed a second case on October 14, 2014 ( Mega West Energy Missouri Corp. v. James Long, Jodeane Long, and Arrow Mines LLC , case number 14VE-CV00599).  This case is pending in Vernon County, Missouri.  Although the two cases are separate, they are interrelated.  In the Vernon County case, Mega West has made claims for: (1) replevin for personal property; (2) conversion of personal property; (3) breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment regarding the lease; (4) constructive eviction of the lease; (5) breach of fiduciary obligation against James Long; (6) declaratory judgment that the oil and gas lease did not terminate; and (7) injunctive relief to enjoin the action pending in Barton County, Missouri.  The plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss on November 4, 2014, and Arrow Mines, LLC filed a motion to dismiss on November 13, 2014.  Both motions remain pending, and Mega West will file an opposition to the motions in the near future. 

(e) The Company is from time to time involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. It does not believe that any of these claims and proceedings against it is likely to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

As of August 7, 2015, we had 308 holders of record of our registered common stock, and our common stock had a closing bid price of $0.02 per share.

Petro River Oil Corp. is an independent exploration and production company with a focus on drilling, recompletions, and applying modern technologies to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas assets. Specific targets include: increasing production by developing our acreage, increasing profit margins by evaluating and optimizing our production, and executing our business plan to increase property values, reserves, and expanding our asset base.

We benefit from having an experienced management team with proven acquisition, operating and financing capabilities. Mr. Scot Cohen, our Executive Chairman, has over 20 years of financial management experience including five years as managing partner of Iroquois Capital Opportunity Fund, a private equity fund focused on oil and gas. He has raised equity and debt for a number of small and microcap public companies.

The Company is focused on developing its Mississippi Lime acreage. Over the last 12 months the Company has continued to build out its leadership and technical team. Additionally, the Company has been in discussions with industry partners to capitalize and develop acreage in the Mississippi Lime. The Company continues to seek out joint venture partners and acquisition targets.

Projects related to the heavy oil reservoirs are in technical review. The Company has an extensive amount of technical and reservoir information on its Missouri asset. The data is being utilized in the understanding and test phases to develop an economic heavy oil production reserve base.

The new terms allow for vertical drilling obligations to hold the concession which previously had horizontal drilling obligations.  This provides a significant cost savings to the Company and preserves potential control of its core asset until 2018, assuming the negotiated obligations are met. Previously, the concession required 11 horizontal wells to be drilled by the end of 2015 with the concession terminating in the event these wells were not drilled.  The estimated cost of this obligation was approximately $22.1 million.

Termination of Renzhi MOU.   On July 9, 2014 the Company and Sichuan Renzhi Oilfield Technology Services Co. Ltd., a corporation incorporated under the laws of The People's Republic of China and traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (" Renzhi ") entered into a memorandum of understanding (" MOU ") for the sale of one of the Company's wholly owned subsidiaries to Renzhi and the joint development by the Company and Renzhi of oil and gas technology and properties (collectively, the " Transactions "). As of June 30, 2015, the Company has ceased all discussions and negotiations with Renzhi, including discussions regarding the completion of the Transactions contemplated by the MOU.

Acquisition of Havelide Assets.   On February 18, 2015, Petro Spring I, LLC (" Petro Spring I "), a Delaware limited liability company wholly owned by Petro Spring, entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement (" Havelide Purchase Agreement ") to purchase substantially all of the assets of Havelide GTL LLC (" Havelide "), consisting of certain patents and other intellectual property, trade secrets, and assets developed and owned by Havelide to produce a gasoline-like liquid and high-purity hydrogen from natural gas, at low temperature and at low pressure (the " Havelide Assets ").  The purchase of the Havelide Assets was consummated on February 27, 2015.  Havelide was founded by Stephen Boyd, who joined the Company as its Chief Technology Officer under the terms of an Employment Agreement dated February 18, 2015.

Under the terms of the Havelide Purchase Agreement, in consideration for the Havelide Assets, the Company issued to Havelide 13,333,333 shares of common stock of the Company and a warrant to purchase an additional 26,666,667 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.25 per share. The shares of the Company's common stock were valued at approximately $520,000 based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on February 27, 2015.

The Company computed the economic benefit of the above warrant grant as of February 18, 2015 utilizing a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company utilized the following assumptions: common share value based on the fair value of the Company's common stock as quoted on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board, $0.039; exercise price of $0.25; expected volatility of 176%; and a discount rate of 1.50%. The grant date fair value was $923,685.

Acquisition of Coalthane Assets.   On February 18, 2015, Petro Spring II, LLC (" Petro Spring II "), a Delaware limited liability company wholly owned by Petro Spring, entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement (" Coalthane Purchase Agreement ") to purchase substantially all of the assets of Coalthane Tech LLC (" Coalthane "), consisting of certain patents and other intellectual property, trade secrets, and assets developed and owned by Coalthane to reduce the methane from coal mines and other wells (the " Coalthane Assets ").  Under the terms of the Coalthane Purchase Agreement, in consideration for the Coalthane Assets, the Company issued to Coalthane 20,000,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The shares of the Company's common stock were valued at approximately $780,000 based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on February 27, 2015.

The Havelide Assets and the Coalthane Assets are in the development stage, and the acquisition thereof is consistent with the Company's business objective of acquiring cutting edge technologies, which the Board of Directors deemed important in light of the current softness in the price of oil and gas.  Management currently intends to seek financing or a development partner in order to fully develop the Havelide Assets and Coalthane Assets.

Financial Condition and Results of Operations

During the year ended April 30, 2015, the Company recognized $2,127,576 in oil and gas sales, of which $1,942,623 is attributable to oil sales and $184,953 is attributable to gas sales, compared to $372,179 for the year ended April 30, 2014, consisting of $253,779 in oil sales and $118,400 in gas sales. The overall increase in sales of $1,755,397 is primarily due to the acquisition of Bandolier during the first quarter of fiscal 2014. During the year ended April 30, 2015, Bandolier generated $2,047,401 of sales with an additional $80,175 in sales for the Company's remaining subsidiaries.

During the year ended April 30, 2015, operating expenses were $1,847,688, as compared to operating expenses of $286,507 for the year ended April 30, 2014. The overall increase in operating expenses of $1,561,181 is primarily attributable to acquisition of Bandolier during the first quarter of fiscal 2014. During the year ended April 30, 2015, Bandolier generated $1,737,694 of operating expenses with an additional $109,994 in the operating expenses of the remaining subsidiaries.  The decrease in operating margin is primarily attributable to the major decrease industry wide, in oil prices.

Costs associated with unproved properties are excluded from the depletion calculation until it is determined whether or not proved reserves can be assigned to such properties. Unproved properties are assessed for impairment annually. Significant properties are assessed individually.

The Company assesses all items classified as unproved property on an annual basis for possible impairment. The Company assesses properties on an individual basis or as a group if properties are individually insignificant. The assessment includes consideration of the following factors, among others: land relinquishment; intent to drill; remaining lease term; geological and geophysical evaluations; drilling results and activity; the assignment of proved reserves; and the economic viability of development if proved reserves are assigned. During any period in which these factors indicate impairment, the related exploration costs incurred are transferred to the full cost pool and are then subject to depletion and the ceiling limitations on development oil and natural gas expenditures.

 Proceeds from the sale of oil and gas assets are applied against capitalized costs, with no gain or loss recognized, unless a sale would alter the rate of depletion and depreciation by 25 percent or more.

Significant changes in these factors could reduce our estimates of future net proceeds and accordingly could result in an impairment of our oil and gas assets. Management will perform annual assessments of the carrying amounts of its oil and gas assets as additional data from ongoing exploration activities becomes available.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At April 30, 2015, the Company had working capital of approximately $0.4 million.  As a result of the utilization of cash in its operating activities, and the development of its assets, the Company has incurred losses since it commenced operations.  In addition, the Company has a limited operating history prior to the acquisition of Bandolier.  At April 30, 2015, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $1.0 million.  The current level of working capital is insufficient to maintain current operations in Oklahoma, Kansas and Missouri for the next twelve months.  Additional capital will therefore be necessary for management to execute its business plan, develop the Havelide Assets and Coalthane Assets, further expand the Company's exploration and development programs for the next twelve months, and continue as a going concern.  To address the Company's working capital requirements and execute its business plan, management intends to continue to raise capital through the issuance of debt and equity securities. In addition, and to address the recent volatility and substantial decreases in crude oil prices, the Company initiated cost-cutting measures in November 1, 2014, which initiatives continue. No assurances can be provided that the Company will be successful in its efforts to raise additional required capital, which efforts may be more difficult given the recent volatility and substantial decrease in the price of crude oil.  Furthermore, our inability to maintain or raise additional capital may damage the Company's reputation and credibility with industry participants. The Company's inability to raise additional funds when required may have a negative impact on its consolidated results of operations and financial condition, and challenge our ability to continue as a going concern.

Management is also currently in the process of evaluating all options for the Company, including curtailing oil and gas operations, and increasing focus on our technology initiatives.  In addition to focusing on obtaining necessary working capital to execute our business plan and continue as a going concern, we are exploring farm in and joint venture opportunities for our oil and gas assets, as well as exit opportunities through an outright sale.  No assurances can be given that management will be successful.

The number of outstanding shares and the number of shares that could be issued if all common stock equivalents are converted to shares is as follows: 

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2014–09,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers . Amendments in this Update create Topic 606,  Revenue from Contracts with Customers,  and supersede the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605,  Revenue Recognition,  including most industry–specific revenue recognition guidance throughout the Industry Topics of the Codification. In addition, the amendments supersede the cost guidance in Subtopic 605–35, Revenue Recognition-Construction–Type and Production–Type Contracts, and create new Subtopic 340–40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs-Contracts with Customers. In summary, the core principle of Topic 606 is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This Accounting Standards Update is the final version of Proposed Accounting Standards Update 2011–230-Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Proposed Accounting Standards Update 2011–250-Revenue Recognition (Topic 605): Codification Amendments, both of which have been deleted. Accounting Standards Update 2014–09. The amendments in this Update are effective for the Company for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2014–09 on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2014, FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2014–12,  Compensation – Stock Compensation ( Topic 718), which clarifies accounting for share–based payments for which the terms of an award provide that a performance target could be achieved after the requisite service period. That is the case when an employee is eligible to retire or otherwise terminate employment before the end of the period in which a performance target could be achieved and still be eligible to vest in the award if and when the performance target is achieved. The updated guidance clarifies that such a term should be treated as a performance condition that affects vesting. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant–date fair value of the award. Compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the periods for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The guidance will be effective for the annual periods (and interim periods therein) ending after December 15, 2015. Early application is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2014–12 on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update 2014–15,  Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern.   The Update provides U.S. GAAP guidance on management's responsibility in evaluating whether there is substantial doubt about a company's ability to continue as a going concern and about related footnote disclosures. For each reporting period, management will be required to evaluate whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about a company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year from the date the financial statements are issued.  This Accounting Standards Update is the final version of Proposed Accounting Standards Update 2013–300-Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity's Going Concern Presumption, which has been deleted. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2014–15 on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-16 (ASU 2014-16),  Determining Whether the Host Contract in a Hybrid Financial Instrument Issued in the Form of a Share Is More Akin to Debt or to Equity . The amendments in this ASU do not change the current criteria in U.S. GAAP for determining when separation of certain embedded derivative features in a hybrid financial instrument is required. The amendments clarify that an entity should consider all relevant terms and features, including the embedded derivative feature being evaluated for bifurcation, in evaluating the nature of the host contract. The ASU applies to all entities that are issuers of, or investors in, hybrid financial instruments that are issued in the form of a share and is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2014–16 on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (" FASB ") issued Accounting Standards Update (" ASU ") 2014-17  Business Combinations  (Topic 805),  Pushdown Accounting . The amendment provides that acquired entities have the option to apply pushdown accounting in its separate financial statements upon occurrence of an event in which an acquirer obtains control of an acquired entity. The acquired entity will have the option to elect to apply pushdown accounting in a subsequent reporting period and would be treated as a change in accounting principle. Additional disclosures are required to enable the users of the financial statements to evaluate the effect of pushdown accounting. The Company is currently evaluating the effects of ASU 2014–17 on the consolidated financial statements.

Management does not believe that any other recently issued, but not yet effective accounting pronouncements, if adopted, would have a material effect on the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

There was no significant changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that were identified in connection with such evaluation that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting. To begin remediating the material weakness identified in internal control over financial reporting of the Company, the Company engaged Brio Financial Group and appointed its Managing Member, David Briones, to act as the Company's Chief Financial Officer on August 15, 2013. During the year ended April 30, 2015, Management intended to hire additional accounting staff, and operational and administrative executives. However with the lack of resources these hires were delayed until which time financing is received.  Management intends to prepare and implement sufficient written policies and checklists to remedy the material weaknesses identified above.

Scot Cohen has over 20 years- experience in institutional asset management, wealth management, and capital markets.  Scot is the founder and principal of the Iroquois Capital Opportunity Fund, a closed end private equity fund focused on investments in North American oil and gas assets.  He is also the co-founder of Iroquois Capital, a New York based hedge fund.  In addition, he manages several operating and non-operating partnerships which actively invest in the energy sector.

Prior to founding Iroquois Capital, Scot founded a merchant bank based out of New York which was one of the most active participants in structured investments in public companies (PIPES) in the United States over the 4 year period he was actively managing the business.  Scot began his career at Oppenheimer and Company in a sales capacity and transitioned from there to a boutique investment banking firm where he spent two years. Scot currently sits on a number of boards of public and private companies, including True Drinks Holding, Inc. (OTCQB:  TRUU), and is involved a number of charitable ventures.  Scot earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Ohio University in 1991.

The Board's Nomination Committee believes that Mr. Cohen's extensive investment banking experience advising oil and gas companies, as well as his operational expertise developing oil and gas assets, is valuable to the Board of Directors and its deliberations, and is particularly beneficial as the Company continues to develop its oil and gas assets.

Glenn C. Pollack is a Managing Director and Founder of Candlewood Partners, LLC (" Candlewood "), a merchant bank focused on middle market corporate finance and infrastructure projects. Prior to founding Candlewood, Mr. Pollack was a Managing Director and Principal of a middle market investment banking firm with offices in Chicago and Cleveland. He was responsible for the Restructuring Group and was involved in other corporate finance transactions including mergers and acquisitions and capital raising for special situations. He also spent five years as the CEO of a regional distributor of perishable foods with annual revenues of $180 million and over 250 employees in four states. Mr. Pollack is a certified public accountant and has worked for Price Waterhouse as a consultant and for Deloitte as an auditor.

The Board's Nomination Committee believes Mr. Pollack's success with multiple investment banking firms, his extensive contacts within the investment community, his executive management experience and financial and accounting expertise will assist the Company's efforts to raise capital to fund the continued implementation of the Company's business plan.

John Wallace graduated from Syracuse University in May 1996 with a Bachelor's of Science degree in sociology. From June 1996 through May 2004, Mr. Wallace was a professional basketball player associated with the National Basketball Association. Since April 2009, Mr. Wallace has been an alumni relations and fan development representative for the New York Knicks, a professional basketball team aligned with the National Basketball Association. In that capacity, Mr. Wallace works on community public relations and fan development initiatives, along with sponsorship and marketing programs. In January 2013, Mr. Wallace joined Hotaling Insurance Group as an insurance agent. In February 2013, Mr. Wallace became an Executive Board Member of Heavenly Productions Foundation, a not for profit charitable organization dedicated to helping children in need or in distress. Since October 2007, Mr. Wallace has served as Vice President of Winning Because I Tried, a non-profit he co-founded in 2007, and whose focus is on academic success, social interaction, peer pressure awareness, and sound decision-making for children ages 8-18. Since 2006, Mr. Wallace has been President and General Manager of Rochester AAU Basketball, a program he founded in March 2006, which is designed to leverage sports as a means for youth to obtain a college education.

The Board's Nomination Committee believes that Mr. Wallace brings effective management and leadership skills to the Board of Directors, which assists the Board and management in in developing its organization and business plan.

The Board's Nomination Committee believes that Mr. Zeidman's extensive experience as an executive in senior management positions, including with oil and gas exploration, oil services and related companies, together with his legal and board experience, add significant value to the Company and its Board of Directors in assessing challenges and in addressing organizational and development issues facing the Company.

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires the Company's directors, executive officers and persons who own more than 10% of a registered class of the Company's equity securities, to file with the SEC initial reports of ownership and reports of changes in ownership of Common Stock and other equity securities of the Company. Directors, officers and greater than 10% stockholders are required to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file.

To the Company's knowledge, based solely on a review of the copies of such reports furnished to the Company, with respect to the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015, all officers, directors and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our common stock have filed their initial statements of ownership on Form 3 on a timely basis, and the officers, directors and beneficial owners of more than 10% of our common stock have also filed the required Forms 4 or 5 on a timely basis.

Board of Directors Meetings and Committees

The Board held five meetings during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015. Each Director attended, either in person or telephonically, at least 75% of the aggregate Board of Directors meetings and meetings of committees on which he served during his tenure as a director or committee member.

Audit Committee

Our Audit Committee currently consists of two directors, Glenn Pollack, and Fred Zeidman, each of whom are "independent" as independence is currently defined in applicable SEC rules and the NYSE Company Guide. The Board has determined that Glenn Pollack qualifies as an "Audit Committee financial expert," as defined in applicable SEC rules implementing Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Board made a qualitative assessment of Mr. Pollack's level of knowledge and experience based on a number of factors, including his formal education and experience. The Audit Committee held one meeting during the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015.

The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing the Company's corporate accounting, financial reporting practices, audits of financial statements and the quality and integrity of the Company's financial statements and reports. In addition, the Audit Committee oversees the qualifications, independence and performance of the Company's independent auditors. In furtherance of these responsibilities, the Audit Committee's duties include the following: evaluating the performance of and assessing the qualifications of the independent auditors; determining and approving the engagement of the independent auditors to perform audit, review and attest services and performing any proposed permissible non-audit services; evaluating employment by the Company of individuals formerly employed by the independent auditors and engaged on the Company's account and any conflicts or disagreements between the independent auditors and management regarding financial reporting, accounting practices or policies; discussing with management and the independent auditors the results of the annual audit; reviewing the financial statements proposed to be included in the Company's annual report on Form 10-K; discussing with management and the independent auditors the results of the auditors' review of the Company's quarterly financial statements; conferring with management and the independent auditors regarding the scope, adequacy and effectiveness of internal auditing and financial reporting controls and procedures; and establishing procedures for the receipt, retention and treatment of complaints regarding accounting, internal accounting control and auditing matters and the confidential and anonymous submission by employees of concerns regarding questionable accounting or auditing matters. The Audit Committee operates under the written Audit Committee Charter adopted by the Unanimous Written Consent. A copy of the Audit Committee Charter is available on the Company's website.

Compensation Committee

Our Compensation Committee is currently comprised of two directors, Glenn Pollack and Fred Zeidman, each of whom is independent as independence is currently defined in applicable SEC rules and the NYSE Company Guide. The Compensation Committee held two meeting during the year ended April 30, 2015.

The Compensation Committee reviews, and as it deems appropriate, recommends to the Board, policies, practices, and procedures relating to the compensation of the officers and other managerial employees, and the establishment and administration of employee benefit plans. It advises and consults with the officers of the Company as may be requested regarding managerial personnel policies. The Compensation Committee also has such additional powers as may be conferred upon it from time to time by the Board. 

The Compensation Committee operates under the written Compensation Committee Charter that was adopted by the Unanimous Written Consent. A copy of the Compensation Committee Charter is available on the Company's website.

Board Nominations

In lieu of a formal Board Nomination Committee, Board nomination decisions are made by the independent directors of the Board. The independent directors prepare a list of candidates to fill the expiring terms of directors serving on our Board, which they then submit to the Board who determines which candidates will be nominated to serve on the Board. The names of nominees are then submitted for election at our Annual Meeting of Stockholders. The independent directors also submit to the entire Board a list of nominees to fill any interim vacancies on the Board resulting from the departure of a member of the Board for any reason prior to the expiration of his term. In recommending nominees, the independent directors are to consider various criteria, including general business experience, general financial experience, knowledge of the Company's industry (including past industry experience), education, and demonstrated character and judgment. The independent directors will also consider director nominees recommended by a stockholder if the stockholder mails timely notice to the Secretary of the Company at its principal offices. Any person nominated by a stockholder for election to the Board will be evaluated based on the same criteria as all other nominees.

Indemnification of Officers and Directors

As permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, the Company will indemnify its directors and officers against expenses and liabilities they incur to defend, settle, or satisfy any civil or criminal action brought against them on account of their being or having been Company directors or officers unless, in any such action, they are adjudged to have acted with gross negligence or willful misconduct.

Summary Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation paid to the Company's Chief Executive Officer, and the Company's two most highly compensated executive officers other than its Chief Executive Officer, who were serving as executive officers as of April 30, 2015 and whose annual compensation exceeded $100,000 during such year (collectively the " Named Executive Officers ").

The Company's compensation program is designed to provide our executive officers with competitive remuneration and to reward their efforts and contributions to the Company. Elements of compensation for our executive officers include base salary and bonuses paid as stock options pursuant to the Company's Amended and Restated 2012 Equity Compensation Plan (the " Plan "). Company performance does not play a significant role in the determination of base salary. 

The Compensation Committee, working in conjunction with the Executive Chairman, reviews and makes recommendations to the Board regarding all forms of compensation to be provided to officers and directors of the Company, including all bonus and stock compensation. The Compensation Committee may also set general compensation goals and guidelines for the Company's employees from time to time.

In 2013, the Company entered into an Employment Agreement with Scot Cohen, the Company's Executive Chairman (the " Employment Agreement "). Under the terms of the Employment Agreement, Mr. Cohen will be entitled to all earned but unpaid salary, expense reimbursements, bonuses (if applicable), and any vested benefits, upon termination of the Employment Agreement by the Company for cause, by Mr. Cohen without good reason, or upon the Employment Agreement's expiration date in the event Mr. Cohen does not choose to renew his contract. In the event Mr. Cohen's employment is terminated by the Company without cause, upon a change in control of the company, or by Mr. Cohen for good reason, he shall be entitled to any accrued obligations (detailed in the preceding sentence), severance in a single lump sum installment in an amount equal to twice the sum of the base salary in effect on the termination date plus two times the maximum annual bonus for which Mr. Cohen was eligible in the fiscal year in which the termination date occurred, a pro-rata portion of Mr. Cohen's annual bonus for the fiscal year in which the termination occurred, and a full vesting in the initial grant and in any and all previously granted outstanding equity-based incentive awards subject to time-based vesting criteria.

On November 20, 2013, the Company and the Executive Chairman entered into an amendment (the " Amendment ") to the Employment Agreement. Under the terms of the Amendment, the Company substituted a stock option grant of 41,666,667 fair market value stock options under the Plan, at the exercise price of $0.059 per share, for cash-settled restricted stock units representing 66,340,597 shares of the Company's common stock, which the Company had previously agreed to grant Mr. Cohen under the terms of the Employment Agreement. These options will vest in five equal installments, with the first 20% vesting immediately upon grant, and the remaining options vesting in four equal installments on the anniversary of the grant date.

On November 22, 2013, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Ruben Alba, who was appointed Executive Vice President, Unconventional of the Company on July 7, 2013. Under the terms of this agreement, Mr. Alba will receive an annual base salary of $120,000. During the year ended April 30, 2105, the agreement with Mr. Alba was amended so that he would receive an annual salary of $96,000. Mr. Alba was also granted 12,500,000 stock options of the Company pursuant to the Plan, to vest in five equal installments. The first installment vested immediately upon granting. The final four installments will vest on the anniversaries of the initial grant date, subject to Mr. Alba's continued employment with the Company.

On November 27, 2013, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Daniel Smith, who was appointed Executive Vice President, Operations of the Company on July 7, 2013. Under the terms of this agreement, Mr. Smith will receive an annual base salary of $120,000. Mr. Smith was also granted 12,500,000 stock options of the Company pursuant to the Plan, to vest in five equal installments. The first installment vested immediately upon granting. The final four installments will vest on the anniversaries of the initial grant date, subject to Mr. Alba's continued employment with the Company.

On November 26, 2013, the Company entered into a consulting agreement with Brio Financial Group (" Brio ") and its Managing Member, David Briones, was appointed the Chief Financial Officer of the Company on August 15, 2013. Under the terms of this agreement, Brio will receive a monthly consulting fee of $7,500, as well as a grant of 750,000 stock options of the Company pursuant to the Plan. The options will vest in six installments. The first 125,000 options vested immediately upon execution of the consulting agreement, and the remaining 5 installments will vest monthly, on the 26th of each subsequent month.

Outstandi n g Equity Awards at April 30, 2015 

The Plan was adopted to promote the success and enhance the value of the Corporation by continuing to link the personal interest of participants to those of its Shareholders and by providing participants with an incentive for outstanding performance. The Plan is administered by the Board, and all employees of the Corporation and its subsidiaries, as determined by the Board, and all members of the Board are eligible to participate. An aggregate of 120,000,000 Common Shares are authorized for issuance pursuant to the Plan. 

The Plan was approved at a special meeting of the shareholders on September 7, 2012, and an amendment to the plan was approved at the Company's annual meeting of shareholders on April 16, 2014. The following table outlines awards issued to the Company's Named Executive Officers and Directors pursuant to the Plan as of April 30, 2015. 

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans .

As of the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015:

Director Compensation for the Year Ended April 30, 2015

The Company has no formal arrangement pursuant to which directors are compensated for their services in their capacity as directors, except for the granting from time to time of incentive stock options. During the year ended April 30, 2015, no compensation was paid to any of the Company's directors.

Separation and Release Agreement

In addition, in June and July of 2013, the Company signed a series of agreements with Jeffrey Freedman, former Chief Executive Officer, in relation to his departure from the Company. Pursuant to these agreements, the Company has provided to Mr. Freedman the sum of $12,000 and issued 465,116 options to purchase common stock with a $56,047 aggregate fair value as of the July 24, 2013 option grant date. These options will expire on July 23, 2016 and have an exercise price of $0.215. The Company computed the economic benefit of the grant as of the date of grant utilizing a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company utilized the following assumptions: common share value based on the fair value of the Company's common stock as quoted on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board, $0.215; exercise price of $0.215; expected volatility of 88%; and a discount rate of 0.64%. The options were immediately vested and the Company recorded the $56,047 to general and administrative expense on the date of grant.

Audit Fees

During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014, the fees for Marcum LLP were approximately $112,000 and $273,000, respectively. 

Tax Fees

During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014, the fees paid to Marcum LLP for tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning were approximately $110,500 and $52,800, respectively.

All Other Fees

During the fiscal years ended April 30, 2015 and April 30, 2014 there were no fees billed for products and services provided by the principal accountants other than those set forth above.

The Audit Committee has reviewed the above fees for non-audit services and believes such fees are compatible with the independent registered public accountants' independence. 

To the Audit Committee of the

Board of Directors and Shareholders

of Petro River Oil Corp. and Subsidiaries

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Petro River Oil Corp. and Subsidiaries (the "Company") as of April 30, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended.  These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.  The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.  An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Petro River Oil Corp. and Subsidiaries, as of April 30, 2015 and 2014, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Petro River Oil Corp (the " Company ") is an independent exploration and production company with a focus on drilling, completion, recompletions, and applying modern technologies to both conventional and unconventional oil and gas assets. The Company's core holdings are in the Mid Continent region in Oklahoma and Kansas. The Company's operations are currently focused on the Mississippi Lime play, capitalizing on the experience, knowledge, and drilling techniques of its team. The Company is driven to utilize its expertise both in the region and in similar formations to exploit hydrocarbon prone resources with tight and/or challenging characteristics in order to create value for the Company and its shareholders. The Company's principal administrative office is located in Houston, Texas and its principal operations are in Oklahoma with secondary operations in Kansas and Western Missouri. The Company also has an office in New York, New York, which is also headquarters to Petro Spring LLC (" Petro Spring "), the Company's technology focused subsidiary.

Petro River Oil LLC (" Petro "), was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on March 3, 2011. Through proceeds received from the issuance of various promissory notes, on February 1, 2012, Petro purchased various interests in oil and gas leases, wells, records, data and related personal property located along the Mississippi Lime play in the state of Kansas from Metro Energy Corporation (" Metro "), a Louisiana company, and other interrelated entities, through a court approved order as Metro was undergoing Chapter 11 Bankruptcy proceedings as a Debtor-In-Possession of these various oil and gas assets. Petro purchased these assets for cash consideration of $2,000,000 as well as a 25% non-managing membership interest in Petro. The Company engaged Energy Source Advisors to renew a number of the leases acquired in the Metro purchase and to lease additional acreage. As a result of the asset purchase from Metro and the completion of the additional lease renewals and additional acreage purchases, the Company obtained a total of 115,000 gross (85,000 net acres) of leases, having unproven reserves at the time of acquisition, in the Mississippi Lime in Southeast Kansas for total cost of $12.2 million.

On April 23, 2013, the Company executed a securities purchase agreement by and among the Company, Petro, and the investors in Petro (the " Investors "), namely, the holders of outstanding secured promissory notes of Petro (the " Notes "), and those holding membership interests in Petro (the " Membership Interests ", and, together with the Notes, the " Acquired Securities ") sold by Petro (the " Share Exchange "). In the Share Exchange, the Investors exchanged their Acquired Securities for 591,021,011 newly issued shares of the Company's common stock. Upon completion of the Share Exchange, Petro became the Company's wholly owned subsidiary.

As a result of the Share Exchange, the Company acquired 100% of the membership units of Petro and consequently, control of the business and operations of Petro. Under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (" U.S. GAAP "), because Petro's former members and note holders held 80% of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company as a result of the Share Exchange, Petro is deemed the accounting acquirer while the Company remains the legal acquirer. Petro adopted the fiscal year of the Company. Prior to the Share Exchange, all historical financial statements presented are those of Petro. The equity of the Company is the historical equity of Petro, restated to reflect the number of shares issued by the Company in the transaction.

Recent Developments

Termination of Renzhi MOU.   On July 9, 2014 the Company and Sichuan Renzhi Oilfield Technology Services Co. Ltd., a corporation incorporated under the laws of The People's Republic of China and traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (" Renzhi ") entered into a memorandum of understanding (" MOU ") for the sale of one of the Company's wholly owned subsidiaries to Renzhi and the joint development by the Company and Renzhi of oil and gas technology and properties (collectively, the " Transactions "). As of June 30, 2015, the Company has ceased all discussions and negotiations with Renzhi, including discussions regarding the completion of the Transactions contemplated by the MOU.

Asset Acquisitions :

Acquisition of Havelide Assets.   On February 18, 2015, Petro Spring I, LLC (" Petro Spring I "), a Delaware limited liability company wholly owned by Petro Spring, entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement (" Havelide Purchase Agreement ") to purchase substantially all of the assets of Havelide GTL LLC (" Havelide "), consisting of certain patents and other intellectual property, trade secrets, and assets developed and owned by Havelide to produce a gasoline-like liquid and high-purity hydrogen from natural gas, at low temperature and at low pressure (the " Havelide Assets ").  The purchase of the Havelide Assets was consummated on February 27, 2015.  Havelide was founded by Stephen Boyd, who joined the Company as its Chief Technology Officer under the terms of an Employment Agreement dated February 18, 2015.

Under the terms of the Havelide Purchase Agreement, in consideration for the Havelide Assets, the Company issued to Havelide 13,333,333 shares of common stock of the Company and a warrant to purchase an additional 26,666,667 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.25 per share. The shares of the Company's common stock were valued at approximately $520,000 based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on February 27, 2015.

The Company computed the economic benefit of the above warrant grant as of February 27, 2015 utilizing a Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company utilized the following assumptions: common share value based on the fair value of the Company's common stock as quoted on the Over the Counter Bulletin Board, $0.039; Exercise price of $0.25; expected volatility of 176%; and a discount rate of 1.50%. The grant date fair value was $923,685.

The Company recorded the Havelide assets based on the fair value of the common stock and warrants $1,443,685 and allocated the purchase price to the intangible assets purchased.

Acquisition of Coalthane Assets.   On February 18, 2015, Petro Spring II, LLC (" Petro Spring II "), a Delaware limited liability company wholly owned by Petro Spring, entered into a definitive asset purchase agreement (" Coalthane Purchase Agreement ") to purchase substantially all of the assets of Coalthane Tech LLC (" Coalthane "), consisting of certain patents and other intellectual property, trade secrets, and assets developed and owned by Coalthane to reduce the methane from coal mines and other wells (the " Coalthane Assets ").  The purchase of the Coalthane Assets was consummated on February 27, 2015.  Under the terms of the Coalthane Purchase Agreement, in consideration for the Coalthane Assets, the Company issued to Coalthane 20,000,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The shares of the Company's common stock were valued at approximately $780,000 based on the closing price of the Company's common stock on February 27, 2015. The Company recorded the Coalthane Assets basedon the the fair value of the common stock $780,000 and allocated the purchase price to the intangible assets purchased.

The following table summarizes the consideration of the asset purchases and the allocation of the purchase prices:

Acquisition of Interest in Bandolier Energy LLC .    On May 30, 2014, the Company entered into a Subscription Agreement pursuant to which the Company was issued a 50% interest in Bandolier Energy, LLC (" Bandolier ") in exchange for a capital contribution of $5.0 million (the " Bandolier Acquisition "). In connection with the Bandolier Acquisition, the Company has the right to appoint a majority of the board of managers of Bandolier. The Company's Executive Chairman is a manager of, and investor in, Pearsonia West Investment Group, LLC (" PWIG "), a special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of investing in Bandolier with the Company and Ranger Station, LLC (" Ranger Station "). Concurrently with the Bandolier Acquisition, PWIG was issued a 44% interest in Bandolier for cash consideration of $4.4 million, and Ranger Station was issued a 6% interest in Bandolier for cash consideration of $600,000. In connection with PWIG's investment in Bandolier, the Company and PWIG entered into an agreement, dated May 30, 2014, granting the members of PWIG an option, exercisable at any time prior to May 30, 2017, to exchange their pro rata share of the Bandolier membership interests for shares of the Company's common stock, at a price of $0.08 per share, subject to adjustment (the " Option "). The Option, if fully exercised, would result in the Company issuing 55,000,000 shares of its common stock, or 6% to the members of PWIG. 

Subsequent to the initial capitalization of Bandolier, Bandolier acquired for $8,712,893, less a $407,161 claw back, all of the issued and outstanding equity of Spyglass Energy Group, LLC (" Spyglass "), the owner of oil and gas leases, leaseholds, lands, and options and concessions thereto located in Osage County, Oklahoma. Spyglass controls a significant contiguous oil and gas acreage position in Northeastern Oklahoma, consisting of approximately 106,000 acres, with substantial original oil in place, stacked reservoirs, as well as exploratory and development opportunities that can be accessed through both horizontal and vertical drilling. Significant infrastructure is already in place including 32 square miles of 3D seismic, 3 phase power, a dedicated sub-station as well as multiple oil producing horizontal wells. No additional contingencies were assumed.

As a result of Bandolier's subsequent acquisition of Spyglass, the Company has both proven developed and proven undeveloped oil and gas assets.  On September 17, 2014, Spyglass has received from the Osage Minerals Counsel at a duly called meeting in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, an extension to its 2014 well commitment due under its concession agreement to extend the time to drill four wells until December 31, 2015.

The Company recorded the purchase of Spyglass using the acquisition method of accounting as specified in  ASC 805 "Business Combinations."  This method of accounting requires the acquirer to (i) record purchase consideration issued to sellers in a business combination at fair value on the date control is obtained, (ii) determine the fair value of any non-controlling interest, and (iii) allocate the purchase consideration to all tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their acquisition date fair values. Further, the Company commenced reporting the results of Spyglass on a consolidated basis with those of the Company effective upon the date of the acquisition.

The following table summarizes fair values of the net liabilities assumed and the allocation of the aggregate fair value of the purchase consideration, and non-controlling interest and net liabilities to assumed identifiable and unidentifiable intangible assets. The fair value allocation is based on management's estimates utilizing potential production and future cash flows:

The following table summarizes, on an unaudited pro forma basis, the results of operations of the Company as though the acquisition had occurred as of May 1, 2013. The pro forma amounts presented are not necessarily indicative of either the actual operation results had the acquisition transaction occurred as of May 1, 2013.

At April 30, 2015 the non–controlling interest in Bandolier was as follows:

As of April 30, 2015, the Company performed a ceiling test on the Oklahoma oil and gas assets.  As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge of $1,246,975 on the Oklahoma oil and gas assets.

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying footnotes are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Non–controlling interest represents the minority equity investment in the Company's subsidiaries, plus the minority investors' share of the net operating results and other components of equity relating to the non–controlling interest.

These consolidated financial statements include the below subsidiaries:

Petro River Oil LLC, Petro Spring, LLC, PO1, LLC and MegaWest Energy USA Corp. and its wholly owned subsidiaries:

MegaWest Energy Texas Corp.

MegaWest Energy Kentucky Corp.

MegaWest Energy Missouri Corp.

MegaWest Energy Kansas Corp.

MegaWest Energy Montana Corp.

Also contained in the consolidated financial statements is the financial information of the Company's 50% owned subsidiary, Bandolier Energy LLC.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include volumes of oil and natural gas reserves, abandonment obligations, impairment of oil and natural gas properties, depreciation and accretion, income taxes, fair value of financial instruments, and contingencies.

Oil and gas proven reserve estimates, which are the basis for unit-of-production depletion and the full cost ceiling test, have a number of inherent uncertainties. The accuracy of any reserve estimate is a function of the quality of available data and of engineering and geological interpretation and judgment. Results of drilling, testing, and production subsequent to the date of the estimate may justify revision of such estimate. Accordingly, reserve estimates are often different from the quantities of oil and gas that are ultimately recovered. In addition, reserve estimates are vulnerable to changes in prices of crude oil and gas. Such prices have been volatile in the past and can be expected to be volatile in the future. As of April 30, 2015, the Company had proven reserves in Oklahoma in relation to the Bandolier transaction.

Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid monetary instruments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased. These investments are carried at cost, which approximates fair value. Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash deposits. The Company maintains its cash in institutions insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (" FDIC "). At times, the Company's cash and cash equivalent balances may be uninsured or in amounts that exceed the FDIC insurance limits.

Oil and Gas Properties : The Company uses the full-cost method of accounting for its exploration and development activities. Under this method of accounting, the costs of both successful and unsuccessful exploration and development activities are capitalized as oil and gas property and equipment. Proceeds from the sale or disposition of oil and gas properties are accounted for as a reduction to capitalized costs unless the gain or loss would significantly alter the relationship between capitalized costs and proved reserves of oil and natural gas attributable to a country, in which case a gain or loss would be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations. All of the Company's oil and gas properties are located within the continental United States, its sole cost center.

Oil and gas properties may include costs that are excluded from costs being depleted. Oil and gas costs excluded represent investments in unproved properties and major development projects in which the Company owns a direct interest. These unproved property costs include non-producing leasehold, geological and geophysical costs associated with leasehold or drilling interests and in process exploration drilling costs. All costs excluded are reviewed at least annually to determine if impairment has occurred.

Depletion, Depreciation and Amortization:  Depletion, depreciation and amortization is provided using the unit-of-production method based upon estimates of proved oil and gas reserves with oil and gas production being converted to a common unit of measure based upon their relative energy content. Investments in unproved properties and major development projects are not amortized until proved reserves associated with the projects can be determined or until impairment occurs. If the results of an assessment indicate that the properties are impaired, the amount of the impairment is deducted from the capitalized costs to be amortized. Once the assessment of unproved properties is complete and when major development projects are evaluated, the costs previously excluded from amortization are transferred to the full cost pool and amortization begins. The amortizable base includes estimated future development costs and, where significant, dismantlement, restoration and abandonment costs, net of estimated salvage value.

In arriving at rates under the unit-of-production method, the quantities of recoverable oil and natural gas reserves are established based on estimates made by the Company's geologists and engineers which require significant judgment, as does the projection of future production volumes and levels of future costs, including future development costs. In addition, considerable judgment is necessary in determining when unproved properties become impaired and in determining the existence of proved reserves once a well has been drilled. All of these judgments may have significant impact on the calculation of depletion expenses. There have been no material changes in the methodology used by the Company in calculating depletion, depreciation and amortization of oil and gas properties under the full cost method during the years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014.  

The Company recognizes a liability for the estimated fair value of site restoration and abandonment costs when the obligations are legally incurred and the fair value can be reasonably estimated. The fair value of the obligations is based on the estimated cash flow required to settle the obligations discounted using the Company's credit adjusted risk-free interest rate. The obligation is recorded as a liability with a corresponding increase in the carrying amount of the oil and gas assets. The capitalized amount will be depleted on a unit-of-production method. The liability is increased each period, or accretes, due to the passage of time and a corresponding amount is recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

 Revisions to the estimated fair value would result in an adjustment to the liability and the capitalized amount in oil and gas assets.

Sales of oil and gas, net of any royalties, are recognized when oil has been delivered to a custody transfer point, persuasive evidence of a sales arrangement exists, the rights and responsibility of ownership pass to the purchaser upon delivery, collection of revenue from the sale is reasonably assured, and the sales price is fixed or determinable. The Company sells oil and gas on a monthly basis. Virtually all of its contracts' pricing provisions are tied to a market index, with certain adjustments based on, among other factors, whether a well delivers to a gathering or transmission line, the quality of the oil and gas, and prevailing supply and demand conditions, so that the price of the oil and gas fluctuates to remain competitive with other available oil supplies.

Generally, all forms of stock-based compensation, including stock option grants, warrants, and restricted stock grants are measured at their fair value utilizing an option pricing model on the award's grant date, based on the estimated number of awards that are ultimately expected to vest.

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all equity–based payments in accordance with  ASC 718 "Share–based payments".  Under fair value recognition provisions, the Company recognizes equity–based compensation net of an estimated forfeiture rate and recognizes compensation cost only for those shares expected to vest over the requisite service period of the award.

The fair value of option award is estimated on the date of grant using the Black–Scholes option valuation model. The Black–Scholes option valuation model requires the development of assumptions that are input into the model. These assumptions are the expected stock volatility, the risk–free interest rate, the option's expected life, the dividend yield on the underlying stock and the expected forfeiture rate. Expected volatility is calculated based on the historical volatility of the Company's common stock over the expected option life and other appropriate factors. Risk–free interest rates are calculated based on continuously compounded risk–free rates for the appropriate term. The dividend yield is assumed to be zero as the Company has never paid or declared any cash dividends on its common stock and does not intend to pay dividends on the common stock in the foreseeable future. The expected forfeiture rate is estimated based on historical experience.

Determining the appropriate fair value model and calculating the fair value of equity–based payment awards requires the input of the subjective assumptions described above. The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of equity–based payment awards represent management's best estimates, which involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management's judgment. As a result, if factors change and the Company uses different assumptions, the equity–based compensation expense could be materially different in the future. In addition, the Company is required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate and recognize expense only for those shares expected to vest. If the actual forfeiture rate is materially different from our estimate, the equity–based compensation expense could be significantly different from what the Company has recorded in the current period. 

The Company accounts for share–based payments granted to non–employees in accordance with  ASC 505, "Equity Based Payments to Non–Employees" . The Company determines the fair value of the stock–based payment as either the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable.  If the fair value of the equity instruments issued is used, it is measured using the stock price and other measurement assumptions as of the earlier of either (1) the date at which a commitment for performance by the counterparty to earn the equity instruments is reached, or (2) the date at which the counterparty's performance is complete.

The expenses resulting from stock-based compensation are recorded as general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations, depending on the nature of the services provided.

Basic net loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per common share is determined using the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, adjusted for the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. In periods when losses are reported, which is the case for the years ended April 30, 2015 and 2014, as presented in these financial statements, the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding excludes common stock equivalents because their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.