General Communication Inc (GNCMA) SEC Annual Report (10-K) for 2018

Washington, D.C. 20549

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                to                

 Commission File No. 001-38385

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant's telephone number, including area code: (720) 875-5900

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x   No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act.  Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

     Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.504 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (section 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o    No x

The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the price at which the common stock was last sold as of the close of trading on June 29, 2018 was $4,740,308,542 .

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock as of January 31, 2019, was:

101,128,246 shares of Series A common stock; and 4,441,109 shares of Series B common stock

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The Registrant's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is hereby incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

GCI LIBERTY, INC.

2018 ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business.

General Development of Business

On April 4, 2017, Liberty Interactive Corporation, now known as Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate Retail"), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (as amended, the "reorganization agreement" and the transactions contemplated thereby, the "Transactions") with General Communication, Inc. ("GCI"), an Alaska corporation, and Liberty Interactive LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Qurate Retail ("LI LLC"). Pursuant to the reorganization agreement, GCI amended and restated its articles of incorporation (which resulted in GCI being renamed GCI Liberty, Inc. ("GCI Liberty")) and effected a reclassification and auto conversion of its common stock. Following these events, Qurate Retail acquired GCI Liberty on March 9, 2018 through a reorganization in which certain Qurate Retail interests, assets and liabilities attributed to its Ventures Group (following the reattribution by Qurate Retail of certain assets and liabilities from its Ventures Group to its QVC Group) were contributed to GCI Liberty in exchange for a controlling interest in GCI Liberty (the "contribution"). Qurate Retail and LI LLC contributed to GCI Liberty their entire equity interests in Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty Broadband"), Charter Communications, Inc. ("Charter"), and LendingTree, Inc. ("LendingTree"), the Evite, Inc. ("Evite") operating business and other assets and liabilities (collectively, "HoldCo"), in exchange for (a) the issuance to LI LLC of a number of shares of GCI Liberty Class A common stock and a number of shares of GCI Liberty Class B common stock equal to the number of outstanding shares of Qurate Retail's Series A Liberty Ventures common stock and Qurate Retail's Series B Liberty Ventures common stock on March 9, 2018, respectively, (b) cash and (c) the assumption of certain liabilities by GCI Liberty.

The contribution was treated as a reverse acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For accounting purposes, HoldCo is considered to have acquired GCI Liberty in the contribution based, among other considerations, upon the fact that in exchange for the contribution of HoldCo, Qurate Retail received a controlling interest in the combined company of GCI Liberty.

Following the contribution and acquisition of GCI Liberty, Qurate Retail effected a tax free separation of its controlling interest in the combined company, GCI Liberty, to the holders of Qurate Retail's Liberty Ventures common stock in full redemption of all outstanding shares of such stock (the "HoldCo Split-Off"), in which each outstanding share of Qurate Retail's Series A Liberty Ventures common stock was redeemed for one share of GCI Liberty Class A common stock and each outstanding share of Qurate Retail's Series B Liberty Ventures common stock was redeemed for one share of GCI Liberty Class B common stock. In July 2018, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") completed its review of the HoldCo Split-Off and informed Qurate Retail that it agreed with the nontaxable characterization of the transactions. Qurate Retail received an Issue Resolution Agreement from the IRS documenting this conclusion.

On May 10, 2018, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 22, 2018, GCI Liberty completed its reincorporation into Delaware by merging with its wholly owned Delaware subsidiary, which was the surviving corporation (the "Reincorporation Merger"). References to GCI Liberty or the Company prior to May 10, 2018 refer to GCI Liberty, Inc., an Alaska corporation and references to GCI Liberty after May 10, 2018 refer to GCI Liberty, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

We refer to the combination of GCI Holdings, LLC ("GCI Holdings"), non controlling interests in Liberty Broadband, Charter and LendingTree, a controlling interest in Evite, and certain other assets and liabilities as "GCI Liberty", the "Company", "us", "we" and "our."

* * * * *

Certain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding the Company's business, product and marketing strategies; new service offerings; revenue growth; the recoverability of the Company's goodwill and other long-lived assets; the Company's projected sources and uses of cash; renewal of licenses; the effects of regulatory developments; the Rural Healthcare Program; the new customer billing system and the anticipated impact of certain contingent liabilities related to legal and tax proceedings and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business.  In particular, statements under Item 1. "Business," Item 1A. "Risk-Factors," Item 2. "Properties," Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and Item 7A. "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" contain forward-looking statements.  Where, in any forward-looking statement, the Company expresses an expectation or belief as to future results or events, such expectation or belief is expressed in good faith and believed to have a reasonable basis, but there

can be no assurance that the expectation or belief will result or be achieved or accomplished.  The following include some but not all of the factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those anticipated:

These forward-looking statements and such risks, uncertainties and other factors speak only as of the date of this Annual Report, and the Company expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained herein, to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto, or any other change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.  When considering such forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the factors described in Item 1A, "Risk Factors" and other cautionary statements contained in this Annual Report.  Such risk factors and statements describe circumstances which could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement.

This Annual Report includes information concerning companies in which the Company has controlling and non-controlling interests that file reports and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act").  Information in this Annual Report concerning those companies has been derived from the reports and other information filed by them with the SEC.  If you would like further information about these companies, the reports and other information they file with the SEC can be accessed on the Internet website maintained by the SEC at www.sec.gov.  Those reports and other information are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report.

Narrative Description of Business

The following table identifies the Company's more significant subsidiaries and minority investments:

Consolidated Subsidiaries

GCI Holdings, LLC

Evite, Inc.

Equity Method Investments

Liberty Broadband Corporation (Nasdaq: LBRDA; LBRDK)

LendingTree, Inc. (Nasdaq: TREE)

GCI Holdings, LLC

GCI Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, provides a full range of wireless, data, video, voice, and managed services to residential customers, businesses, governmental entities, and educational and medical institutions primarily in Alaska under the GCI brand. Due to the unique nature of the markets it serves, including harsh winter weather and remote geographies, its customers rely extensively on its systems to meet their communication and entertainment needs.

Since its founding in 1979 as a competitive long distance provider, GCI Holdings has consistently expanded its product portfolio and facilities to become the leading integrated communication services provider in markets it serves. Its facilities include redundant and geographically diverse digital undersea fiber optic cable systems linking its Alaska terrestrial networks to the networks of other carriers in the lower 48 contiguous states and a statewide wireless network. 

Throughout its history, GCI Holdings has successfully added and expects to continue to add new products to its product portfolio.  GCI Holdings has a demonstrated history of new product evaluation, development and deployment for its customers, and it continues to assess revenue-enhancing opportunities that create value for its customers.  Where feasible and where economic analysis supports geographic expansion of its network coverage, it is currently pursuing or expects to pursue opportunities to increase the scale of its facilities, enhance its ability to serve existing customers' needs and attract new customers. Additionally, due to the unique market conditions in Alaska, GCI Holdings, and in some cases its customers, participate in several federal (and to a lesser extent locally) subsidized programs designed to financially support the implementation and purchase of telecommunications services in high cost areas. With these programs GCI Holdings has been able to expand its network into previously undeveloped areas of Alaska and offer comprehensive communications services in many rural parts of the state where it would not otherwise be able to construct facilities within appropriate return-on-investment requirements.

GCI Holdings' revenue was comprised of 49% from data services, 22% from wireless services and 29% from video, voice and other services from March 9, 2018 through December 31, 2018.

GCI Holdings has a history of making and integrating acquisitions of telecommunications providers and other providers of complementary services.  Its management team will continue to actively pursue and make investments that it believes fit with its strategy and networks and that enhance earnings.

GCI Holdings sells new and enhanced services and products to its existing customer base to achieve increased revenue and penetration of its services.  Through close coordination of its customer service and sales and marketing efforts, its customer service representatives suggest to its customers other services they can purchase or enhanced versions of services they already purchase.  Many calls into the customer service centers or visits into one of the retail stores result in sales of additional services and products.

GCI Holdings operates its own customer service department and has empowered its customer service representatives to handle most service issues and questions on a single call.  GCI Holdings prioritizes its customer services to expedite handling of its most valuable customers' issues, particularly for its largest commercial customers.  GCI Holdings believes its integrated approach to customer service, including service set-up, programming various network databases with the customer's information, installation, and ongoing service, allows it to provide a customer experience that fosters customer loyalty.

GCI Holdings continues to expand and evolve its integrated network for the delivery of its services.  GCI Holdings' bundled strategy and integrated approach to serving customers creates efficiencies of scale and maximizes network utilization.  By offering multiple services, GCI Holdings is better able to leverage its network assets and increase returns on its

invested capital.  GCI Holdings periodically evaluates its network assets and continually monitors technological developments that it can potentially deploy to increase network efficiency and performance.

GCI Holdings does not hold franchises (with the exception of video services as described below) or concessions for communications services or local access services. GCI Holdings holds a number of federally registered service marks used by its business.  It owns two utility patents issued in 2017 pertaining to device diagnostics and network connectivity. The Communications Act of 1934, as amended (the "Communications Act"), gives the FCC the authority to license and regulate the use of the electromagnetic spectrum for radio communications. GCI Holdings holds licenses for its satellite and microwave transmission facilities for provision of long-distance services. GCI Holdings holds various licenses for spectrum and broadcast television use. These licenses may be revoked and license renewal applications may be denied for cause. However, GCI Holdings expects these licenses to be renewed in due course when, at the end of the license period, a renewal application will be filed.

GCI Holdings has licenses for earth stations that are generally licensed for fifteen years. The FCC also issues a single blanket license for a large number of technically identical earth stations. Its operations may require additional licenses in the future.

GCI Holdings is certified through the Regulatory Commission of Alaska ("RCA") to provide local, long distance, and video service by Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity ("CPCN"). These CPCNs are nonexclusive certificates defining each authorized service area. Although CPCNs have no stated expiration date, they may be revoked due to cause.

Facilities. GCI Holdings operates a modern, competitive communications network providing switched and dedicated voice and broadband services. Its fiber network employs digital transmission technology over its fiber optic facilities within Alaska and between Alaska and the lower 48 states.

GCI Holdings serves many rural and remote Alaska locations solely via satellite communications. It operates a hybrid fiber optic cable and digital microwave system ("TERRA") linking Anchorage with the Bristol Bay, Yukon-Kuskokwim, and northwest regions of the state. 

GCI Holdings owns and operates a statewide network providing voice and data services to the urban and rural communities of Alaska. Its statewide wireless network provides 4G LTE data service, EVDO, 3G UMTS/HSPA+, 2G CDMA, and 2G GSM/EDGE service. It continues to expand and upgrade these services to provide a modern network for Alaska.

GCI Holdings' dedicated Internet access and Internet protocol data services are delivered to an Ethernet port located at the service end-point. GCI Holdings' management platform continuously monitors the network and service end-points for performance. The availability and quality of service, as well as statistical information on traffic loading, are continuously monitored for quality assurance. The management platform has the capability to remotely access network elements and service end-points, permitting changes in configuration without the need to physically be at the service end-point. This management platform allows GCI Holdings to offer network monitoring and management services to businesses and governmental entities.

GCI Holdings' video businesses are located throughout Alaska and serve the majority of the population. Its facilities include hybrid-fiber-coax plant and head-end distribution equipment. The majority of its locations on the fiber routes are served from head-end distribution equipment in Anchorage. All of its cable systems are completely digital.

Evite

Evite is a digital invitation platform focused on bringing people together. With thousands of free and premium customizable designs which can be sent by email or text message, Evite makes celebrating face-to-face easier and more memorable for its over one hundred million annual users and their guests. The company has sent nearly 3 billion invitations. Real-time messaging and RSVP tracking continue to make planning easier. Evite generates revenue primarily from the sale of digital advertising for publication on its platform, including custom display advertising, native advertising content, custom video and brand partnerships. Evite conducts advertising sales through its direct regional sales teams and programmatically through ad exchanges. Additionally, through Evite ® Donations which has raised over $10 million dollars, users can invite guests to support a favorite charity or personal cause without leaving their invitation. Launched in 1998, Evite is headquartered in Los Angeles. Evite's competitors include Paperless Post and various social media platforms.

Liberty Broadband

Liberty Broadband consists of its wholly owned subsidiary Skyhook Holding, Inc. ("Skyhook") and an interest in Charter Communications, Inc. ("Charter"). Skyhook provides mobile positioning and contextual location intelligence solutions.

Charter is the second largest cable operator in the United States and a leading broadband communications services company providing video, Internet and voice services to approximately 28.1 million residential and small and medium business customers at December 31, 2018. Charter also recently launched its Spectrum mobile services to residential customers. In addition, Charter sells video and online advertising inventory to local, regional and national advertising customers and fiber-delivered communications and managed information technology ("IT") solutions to large enterprise customers. Charter also owns and operates regional sports networks and local sports, news and community channels.

The Company owns an approximate 23.5% economic interest in Liberty Broadband as of December 31, 2018. Due to overlapping boards of directors and management, GCI Liberty has been deemed to have significant influence over Liberty Broadband (for accounting purposes) even though GCI Liberty does not have any voting rights (see note 7 of the Company's consolidated financial statements found in Part II of this report for additional information). GCI Liberty has elected to apply the fair value option for its investment in Liberty Broadband as it is believed that the Company's investors value this investment based on the trading price of Liberty Broadband.

LendingTree

LendingTree operates an online loan marketplace for consumers seeking loans and other credit-based offerings. LendingTree offers consumers tools and resources, including free credit scores, that facilitate comparison-shopping for mortgage loans, home equity loans, lines of credit, reverse mortgage loans, auto loans, credit cards, personal loans, deposit accounts, student loans, small business loans and other related offerings. LendingTree primarily seeks to match in-market consumers with multiple lenders on its marketplace who can provide them with competing quotes for the loans, deposits or credit-based offerings they are seeking. LendingTree also serves as a valued partner to lenders seeking an efficient, scalable and flexible source of customer acquisition with directly measurable benefits, by matching the consumer loan inquiries it generates with these lenders. LendingTree is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

The Company owns approximately 26.6% of the outstanding common stock of LendingTree as of December 31, 2018. The Company has entered into an agreement with LendingTree pursuant to which, among other things, it has the right to nominate 20% of the members of LendingTree's board of directors.  The Company has nominated two of the ten current board members.

Regulatory Matters

The Company's businesses are subject to substantial government regulation and oversight.  The following summary of regulatory issues does not purport to describe all existing and proposed federal, state, and local laws and regulations, or judicial and regulatory proceedings that affect the Company's businesses.  Existing laws and regulations are reviewed frequently by legislative bodies, regulatory agencies, and the courts and are subject to change.  The Company cannot predict at this time the outcome of any present or future consideration of proposed changes to governing laws and regulations.

Wireless Services and Products

General . The FCC regulates the licensing, construction, interconnection, operation, acquisition, and transfer of wireless network systems in the United States pursuant to the Communications Act.  The Company's wireless licensee subsidiaries are subject to regulation by the FCC, and must comply with certain build-out and other license conditions, as well as with the FCC's specific regulations governing wireless services.  The FCC does not currently regulate rates for services offered by commercial mobile radio service providers (the official legal description for wireless service providers).

Commercial mobile radio service wireless systems are subject to Federal Aviation Administration ("FAA") and FCC regulations governing the location, lighting, construction, modification, and registration of antenna structures on which GCI Holdings' antennas and associated equipment are located and are also subject to regulation under federal environmental laws and the FCC's environmental regulations, including limits on radio frequency radiation from wireless handsets and antennas.

Universal Service. The High Cost Program of the Universal Service Fund ("USF") pays Eligible Telecommunications Carriers ("ETCs") to support the provision of facilities-based wireless telephone service in high cost areas. A wireless carrier

may seek ETC status so that it can receive support from the USF.  Under FCC regulations and RCA orders, GCI Holdings is an authorized ETC for purposes of providing wireless telephone service in Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, and other small areas throughout Alaska. Without ETC status, GCI Holdings would not qualify for USF support in these areas or other rural areas where it proposes to offer facilities-based wireless telephone services, and its net cost of providing wireless telephone services in these areas would be materially adversely affected.

On August 31, 2016, the FCC published the Alaska High Cost Order.  Per the Alaska High Cost Order, as of January 1, 2017, Remote high cost support payments to Alaska High Cost participants are frozen on a per-company basis at adjusted December 2014 levels for a ten-year term in exchange for meeting individualized performance obligations to offer voice and broadband services meeting the service obligations at specified minimum speeds by five-year and ten-year service milestones to a specified number of locations. Remote high cost support is no longer dependent upon line counts and line count filings are no longer required. Prior to the Alaska High Cost Order, Urban high cost support payments were frozen and had phased down to 60% of the monthly average of the 2011 annual support. The Alaska High Cost Order mandated that as of January 1, 2017, Urban high cost support for 2017 and 2018 would be two-thirds and one-third of the December 2014 level of support received, respectively, with Urban high cost support ending effective December 31, 2018.

On December 1, 2017, the FCC released a Fourth Report and Order to reform and modernize the USF's Lifeline program ("Lifeline Order").  The Lifeline program is administered by the Universal Service Administrative Company ("USAC") and is designed to ensure that quality telecommunications services are available to low-income customers at just, reasonable, and affordable rates. The current Lifeline program provides an enhanced $25 monthly subsidy to qualifying subscribers that live on tribal lands ("Enhanced Tribal Subsidy"), which includes all of Alaska. The Lifeline Order adopted several reforms, but, most significantly, it limited the Enhanced Tribal Subsidy to only those subscribers living in "rural" tribal areas. On February 1, 2019, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ("D.C. Circuit") vacated the Lifeline Order as arbitrary and capricious, remanding the matter to the FCC for a new notice-and-comment-rulemaking proceeding.

Interconnection.   GCI Holdings has completed negotiations and the RCA has approved current direct wireless interconnection agreements with all of the major Alaska Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers ("ILECs").  These are in addition to indirect interconnection arrangements utilized elsewhere.

See "Narrative Description of Business - Regulatory Matters - Wireline Voice Services and Products - Regulatory Regime Applicable to IP-based Networks" for more information.

Emergency 911 . The FCC has imposed rules requiring carriers to provide emergency 911 services, including enhanced 911 ("E911") services that provide to local public safety dispatch agencies the caller's phone number and approximate location. Providers are required to transmit the geographic coordinates of the customer's location, either by means of network-based or handset-based technologies, within accuracy parameters revised by the FCC, to be implemented over a phase-in period.  Due to Alaska's relatively low population and low cell-site densities, GCI Holdings has excluded certain areas from E911 coverage where cell triangulation is not feasible, pursuant to FCC rule.  GCI Holdings has also filed for a waiver, which remains pending, for remaining areas where triangulation may be technically feasible, but where the cell-site densities are insufficient to reach the FCC's standard. The FCC also imposed requirements to allow users to text-to-911 if the local public safety dispatch agency requests and is able to receive such texts. GCI Holdings has developed a text-to-911 technical solution and has certified to the FCC that it is now capable of meeting the FCC requirements. Providers may not demand cost recovery as a condition of providing E911, although they are permitted to negotiate cost recovery if it is not mandated by the state or local governments.

State and Local Regulation. While the Communications Act generally preempts state and local governments from regulating the entry of, and the rates charged by, wireless carriers, it also permits a state to petition the FCC to allow it to impose commercial mobile radio service rate regulation when market conditions fail to adequately protect customers and such service is a replacement for a substantial portion of the telephone wireline exchange service within a state. No state currently has such a petition on file, and all prior efforts have been rejected.

In addition, the Communications Act does not expressly preempt the states from regulating the "terms and conditions" of wireless service. Several states have invoked this "terms and conditions" authority to impose or propose various consumer protection regulations on the wireless industry. State attorneys general have also become more active in enforcing state consumer protection laws against sales practices and services of wireless carriers. States also may impose their own universal service support requirements on wireless and other communications carriers, similar to the contribution requirements that have been established by the FCC.

States have become more active in attempting to impose new taxes and fees on wireless carriers, such as gross receipts taxes. Where successful, these taxes and fees are generally passed through to customers and result in higher costs to customers.

At the local level, wireless facilities typically are subject to zoning and land use regulation. Neither local nor state governments may categorically prohibit the construction of wireless facilities in any community or take actions, such as indefinite moratoria, which have the effect of prohibiting construction. Pursuant to Section 6409(a) of the Middle Class Tax Relief Act of 2012, state and local governments are further constrained in their regulation of changes to existing wireless infrastructure. Nonetheless, securing state and local government approvals for new antenna structures has been and is likely to continue to be difficult, lengthy and costly.

Data Services and Products

General . There is no one entity or organization that governs the global operation of the Internet. Each facilities-based network provider that is interconnected with the global Internet controls operational aspects of its own network. Certain functions, such as IP addressing, domain name routing, and the definition of the TCP/IP protocol, are coordinated by an array of quasi-governmental, intergovernmental, and non-governmental bodies. The legal authority of these bodies is not precisely defined.

The vast majority of users connect to the Internet over facilities of existing communications carriers. Those communications carriers are subject to varying levels of regulation at both the federal and state level. Thus, non-Internet-specific regulatory decisions exercise a significant influence over the economics of the Internet market.

Many aspects of the coordination and regulation of Internet activities and the underlying networks over which those activities are conducted are evolving. Internet-specific and non-Internet-specific changes in the regulatory environment, including changes that affect communications costs or increase competition from ILECs or other communications services providers, could adversely affect our costs and the prices at which GCI Holdings sells Internet-based services.

On February 26, 2015, the FCC adopted an order reclassifying Internet service as a telecommunications service under Title II of the Communications Act. This order prohibited broadband providers from blocking or throttling most lawful public Internet traffic, from engaging in paid prioritization of that traffic, and from unreasonably interfering with or disadvantaging end users' and edge providers' ability to send traffic to, from, and among each other. The order also strengthened the FCC's transparency rules, which require accurate and truthful service disclosures, sufficient for consumers to make informed choices, for example, about speed, price and fees, latency, and network management practices. The order allowed broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management, including using techniques to address traffic congestion. These rules applied equally to wired and wireless broadband services. The order refrained from applying rate regulation and tariff requirements on broadband services.  On January 4, 2018, the FCC released an order that returned to a Title I classification of Internet service and eliminated many of the requirements described above. There are various efforts in Congress, through the federal courts of appeal, and through state legislation to re-impose the rules adopted in 2015. For example, on September 30, 2018, California enacted the California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018, which establishes many of the requirements adopted by the FCC in 2015. California has agreed not to enforce the new law pending the resolution of a petition for review of the FCC's January 4, 2018 order in the D.C. Circuit, and any subsequent proceedings before the U.S. Supreme Court. While GCI Holdings does not believe that the 2015 FCC order conflicts with its existing practices or offerings, the re-imposition of that regulatory framework would impose regulatory burdens, likely would increase its costs, and could adversely affect the manner and price of providing service.

On October 27, 2016, the FCC adopted rules governing how broadband internet access service providers may use and disclose certain customer information. Those rules were more restrictive in certain respects than the rules that apply to other entities in the internet economy, including Google and Facebook. On April 3, 2017, the President signed Pub. Law 115-22, which repealed the FCC's rules under the Congressional Review Act. Various efforts in Congress, at the FTC, and in state legislatures seek to regulate how service providers in the internet economy may use and disclose customer information. Those efforts could impact GCI Holdings ability to use customer data and impose costs and operational challenges.

Rural Health Care Program . The USF Rural Health Care ("RHC") Program subsidizes the rates for services provided to rural health care providers. In November 2017, USAC requested further information in support of the rural rates charged to a number of GCI Holdings' RHC customers in connection with the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. On October 10, 2018, GCI Holdings received a letter from the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau ("Bureau") notifying it of the Bureau's decision to reduce the rural rates charged to RHC customers for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 by approximately 26% resulting in a reduction of total support payments of $27.8 million. The FCC also informed

GCI Holdings that the same cost methodology used for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 would be applied to rates charged to RHC customers in subsequent funding years. In response to the letter from the Bureau, GCI Holdings filed an Application for Review of the Bureau's decision with the FCC. In the third quarter of 2018, GCI Holdings recorded a $19.1 million reduction in its receivables balance as part of its acquisition accounting and recorded a reduction in revenue in the current period for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 of approximately $8.6 million. GCI Holdings expects to reduce future RHC program revenue by a similar rate as to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018, which based on a current run rate would approximate $7 million per quarter until it can reach a final resolution with the FCC regarding the funding amounts.

On March 15, 2018, USAC announced that the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 exceeded the funding available for the RHC Program. Since that time, on June 25, 2018, the FCC issued an order resulting in an increase of the annual RHC Program funding cap from $400 million to $571 million and applied it to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. The FCC also determined that it would annually adjust the RHC Program funding cap for inflation, beginning with the funding year ending on June 30, 2019 and carry-forward unused funds from past funding years for use in future funding years. As a result, aggregate funding was available to pay in full the approved funding under the RHC program for the funding year ended on June 30, 2018.

In addition, on March 23, 2018, GCI Holdings received a separate letter of inquiry and request for information from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC, to which it is in the process of responding. This inquiry into the rates charged by GCI Holdings is still pending, and presently it is unable to assess the ultimate resolution of this matter. The ongoing uncertainty in program funding could have an adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

On November 30, 2018, GCI Holdings received multiple funding denial notices from USAC, denying requested funding from the RHC Program operated by a rural health customer (the "Customer") for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. At the rates approved by the Bureau in a letter received on October 10, 2018, the funding at issue under the denials is approximately $13 million. In November 2017, USAC requested information from the Customer related to bidding process documentation for two separate service contracts GCI Holdings has with the Customer. Although the Customer timely responded, USAC found that bids previously received were not submitted with the original funding request and/or that bidding information submitted was related to the wrong bidding year. The Customer filed an appeal with USAC on January 29, 2019. At this time, GCI Holdings has no reason to believe that there was any violation of the FCC's competitive bidding rules, but without further information from the Customer and/or USAC, it cannot assess whether the USAC denials will be overturned. If the denial notices are upheld for reasons relating to the Customer's competitive bidding process, funding issued under one or both contracts for prior years could be subject to further review, as well as funding for services already being delivered or to be delivered for the period from July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019. GCI Holdings has accounts receivable of approximately $18 million outstanding as of December 31, 2018 associated with these two service contracts. The outstanding accounts receivable includes the approximate $13 million of funding at issue as discussed above and additional amounts for services provided for the period from July 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Given the uncertainty of whether the USAC denials will be overturned, it is reasonably possible that GCI Holdings may incur a loss. The amount of a potential loss could range from zero to the full amount of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018. No amount within this range of a potential loss is a better estimate than any other amount. Accordingly, no loss was recorded as of December 31, 2018 given the minimum amount in the range is zero.

In addition, on December 4, 2018, the FCC issued a public notice seeking further comment on an earlier proposal to determine the rural rates for services supported by the RHC Program in a different manner than it does today. GCI Holdings and others submitted comments on January 30, 2019, but GCI Holdings cannot assess at this time the substance, impact on funding, or timing of any future rule changes that may be adopted by the FCC.

Schools and Libraries Program . In 2014, the FCC adopted orders modernizing the USF Schools and Libraries Program ("E-Rate"). These orders, among other things, increased the annual E-Rate cap by approximately $1.5 billion, designated funds for internal connections within schools and libraries, and eliminated funding for certain legacy services, such as voice, to increase the availability of 21st century connectivity to support digital learning in schools nationwide. These orders did not have a material effect on the overall E-Rate support available to GCI Holdings' schools and libraries customers, and therefore did not materially affect its revenue from such customers.

Other Federal Activities . Congress and certain federal agencies are considering ways to streamline federal permitting obligations and to provide additional financial support for broadband services in areas that are difficult to serve. GCI Holdings continues to monitor these activities and cannot predict at this time whether those efforts will make a material difference on its ability to deploy broadband infrastructure.

Video Services and Products

General. Because video communications systems use local streets and rights-of-way, they generally are operated pursuant to franchises (which can take the form of certificates, permits or licenses) granted by a municipality or other state or local government entity. The RCA is the franchising authority for all of Alaska. GCI Holdings believes that it has generally met the terms of its franchises, which do not require periodic renewal, and have provided quality levels of service. Military franchise requirements also affect its ability to provide video services to military bases.

Must Carry/Retransmission Consent. The Cable Television Consumer Protection Act of 1992 (the "1992 Cable Act") contains broadcast signal carriage requirements that allow local commercial television broadcast stations to elect once every three years to require a cable system to carry the station, subject to certain exceptions, or to negotiate for "retransmission consent" to carry the station.

The FCC has adopted rules to require cable operators to carry the digital programming streams of broadcast television stations. Further, the FCC has declined to require any cable operator to carry multiple digital programming streams from a single broadcast television station, but should the FCC change this policy, GCI Holdings would be required to devote additional cable capacity to carrying broadcast television programming streams, a step that could require the removal of other programming services.

Pole Attachments. The Communications Act requires the FCC to regulate the rates, terms and conditions imposed by public utilities for cable systems' use of utility pole and conduit space unless state authorities can demonstrate that they adequately regulate pole attachment rates. In the absence of state regulation, the FCC administers pole attachment rates on a formula basis. This formula governs the maximum rate certain utilities may charge for attachments to their poles and conduit by companies providing communications services, including cable operators. The RCA, however, does not use the federal formula and instead has adopted its own formula that has been in place since 1987. This formula could be subject to further revisions upon petition to the RCA.  In addition, in 2011, the FCC adopted an order to rationalize different pole attachment rates among types of services, and on November 17, 2015, took further steps to bring telecommunications and cable pole attachment rates into parity. Though the general purpose of the rule changes was to ensure pole attachment rates as low and as uniform as possible, GCI Holdings does not expect the rules to have an immediate impact on the terms under which it accesses poles. GCI Holdings cannot predict the likelihood of the RCA changing its formula, adopting the federal formula, or relinquishing its oversight of pole attachments to the FCC, any of which could increase the cost of its operations.

Copyright. Cable television systems are subject to federal copyright licensing covering carriage of television and radio broadcast signals. In exchange for filing certain reports and contributing a percentage of their revenue to a federal copyright royalty pool that varies depending on the size of the system, the number of distant broadcast television signals carried, and the location of the cable system, cable operators can obtain blanket permission to retransmit copyrighted material included in broadcast signals. The possible modification or elimination of this compulsory copyright license is the subject of continuing legislative review.  GCI Holdings cannot predict the outcome of this legislative review, which could adversely affect its ability to obtain desired broadcast programming. Copyright clearances for non-broadcast programming services are arranged through private negotiations.

Wireline Voice Services and Products

General. As an interexchange carrier, GCI Holdings is subject to regulation by the FCC and the RCA as a non-dominant provider of interstate, international, and intrastate long-distance services.  As a state-certificated competitive local exchange carrier, GCI Holdings is subject to regulation by the FCC and the RCA as a non-dominant provider of local communications services.  Military franchise requirements also affect GCI Holdings' ability to provide communications services to military bases.

Universal Service. The USF pays ETCs to support the provision of facilities-based wireline telephone service in high cost areas. Under FCC regulations and RCA orders, GCI Holdings is an authorized ETC for purposes of providing wireline local exchange service in Anchorage, Juneau, Fairbanks, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, and other small areas throughout Alaska. Without ETC status, GCI Holdings would not qualify for USF support in these areas or other rural areas where it proposes to offer facilities-based wireline telephone services, and its net cost of providing local telephone services in these areas would be materially adversely affected. See "Description of Our Business - Regulation - Wireless Services and Products - Universal Service" for information on USF reform.

Rural Exemption and Interconnection. A Rural Telephone Company is exempt from compliance with certain material interconnection requirements under Section 251(c) of the 1996 Telecom Act, including the obligation to negotiate Section 251(b) and (c) interconnection requirements in good faith, unless and until a state regulatory commission lifts such "rural exemption" or otherwise finds it not to apply.  All ILECs in Alaska are Rural Telephone Companies except Alaska Communications Systems Group, Inc.'s ("ACS") in its Anchorage study area.  GCI Holdings participated in numerous proceedings regarding the rural exemptions of various ILECs in order to achieve the necessary interconnection agreements with the remaining ILECs. In other cases the interconnection agreements were reached by negotiation without regard to the implications of the ILEC's rural exemption.

GCI Holdings has completed negotiation and/or arbitration of the necessary interconnection provisions and the RCA has approved current wireline Interconnection Agreements between GCI Holdings and all of the major ILECs. GCI Holdings has entered all of the major Alaskan markets with local access services.

See "Narrative Description of Business - Competition - Voice Services and Products Competition" for more information.

Access Charges and Other Regulated Fees. The FCC regulates the fees that local telephone companies charge long-distance companies for access to their local networks.  In 2011, the FCC released rules to restructure and reduce over time terminating interstate access charges, along with a proposal to adopt similar reforms applicable to originating interstate access charges.  The details of implementation in general and between different classes of technology continue to be addressed, and could affect the economics of some aspects of GCI Holdings' business. GCI Holdings cannot predict at this time the impact of this implementation or future implementation of adopted reforms, but GCI Holdings does not expect it to have a material adverse impact on its operations.

Unbundled Network Elements. The ability to obtain unbundled network elements ("UNEs") is an important element of GCI Holdings' local access services business. There is an open proceeding before the FCC to consider changes to UNE obligations. GCI Holdings cannot predict the extent to which existing FCC rules governing access to and pricing for UNEs will be changed in the face of additional legal action and the impact of any further rule modifications that are yet to be determined by the FCC. Moreover, the future regulatory classification of services that are transmitted over facilities may impact the extent to which GCI Holdings will be permitted access to such facilities.  Changes to the applicable regulations could result in a change in its cost of serving new and existing markets. On July 7, 2017, ACS filed a petition in which it asked the FCC to regulate GCI Holdings as an ILEC pursuant to section 251(h)(2) of the Communications Act, including the requirement to provide competitors with access to unbundled network elements. GCI Holdings cannot predict at this time the outcome of this proceeding. However, grant of the petition in its entirety may subject GCI Holdings to regulatory burdens that could materially impact its costs.

Local Regulation. GCI Holdings may be required to obtain local permits for street opening and construction permits to install and expand its networks. Local zoning authorities often regulate GCI Holdings' use of towers for microwave and other communications sites. GCI Holdings is also subject to general regulations concerning building codes and local licensing. The Communications Act requires that fees charged to communications carriers be applied in a competitively neutral manner, but there can be no assurance that ILECs and others with whom GCI Holdings will be competing will bear costs similar to those it bears in this regard.

Regulatory Regime Applicable to IP-based Networks. In 2014, the FCC adopted an order calling for experiments to examine how best to accelerate the technological and regulatory transitions from traditional TDM-based networks to IP-based technologies.  Although no entity has proposed conducting a technology transition experiment in GCI Holdings' service territory in response to the FCC's 2014 order, additional proposals for experiments are possible. GCI Holdings cannot predict whether additional proposals for experiments might be submitted to the FCC nor any resulting proceedings or their effect on it. The FCC also has other open dockets through which it might make changes to the regulatory regime applicable to IP-based networks. A change in regulatory obligation or classification that interferes with GCI Holdings' ability to exchange traffic with other providers, that raises the cost of doing so, or that adversely affects eligibility for USF support could materially affect GCI Holdings' net cost of and revenue from providing local services.

Environmental Regulations

GCI Holdings undertakes activities that may, under certain circumstances, affect the environment. Accordingly, they may be subject to federal, state, and local laws designed to preserve or protect the environment, including the Clean Water Act and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act.  The FCC, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest

Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and National Park Service are among the federal agencies required by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and National Historic Preservation Act to consider the environmental impact of actions they authorize, including facility construction.

The principal effect of GCI Holdings' facilities on the environment would be in the form of construction of facilities and networks at various locations in Alaska and between Alaska, Washington, and Oregon.  GCI Holdings' facilities have been constructed in accordance with federal, state and local building codes and zoning regulations whenever and wherever applicable.  GCI Holdings obtains federal, state, and local permits, as required, for its projects and operations. GCI Holdings is unaware of any material violations of federal, state or local regulations or permits.

Competition

The Company operates in intensely competitive industries and competes with a number of companies that provide a broad range of communication, entertainment, and information products and services. Technological changes are further intensifying and complicating the competitive landscape and consumer behavior.

Retail Wireless Services and Products Competition

The Company competes with AT&T, Verizon, and community or regional-based wireless providers, and resellers of those services in Anchorage and other markets. Regulatory policies favor robust competition in wireless markets.  Wireless local number portability helps to maintain a high level of competition in the industry because it allows subscribers to switch carriers without having to change their telephone numbers.

The communications industry continues to experience significant technological changes, as evidenced by the increasing pace of improvements in the capacity and quality of digital technology, shorter cycles for new products and enhancements and changes in consumer preferences and expectations.  Accordingly, the Company expects competition in the wireless communications industry to continue to be dynamic and intense as a result of the development of new technologies, services and products.

The national wireless carriers with whom the Company competes, AT&T and Verizon, have resources that are greater than the Company's resources.  These companies have significantly greater capital, financial, marketing, human capital, distribution and other resources than the Company.  Specifically, as a regional wireless carrier the Company may not have immediate access to some wireless handsets that are available to these national wireless carriers. 

The Company competes for customers based principally upon price, service bundles, the services and enhancements offered, network quality, customer service, billing services, statewide network coverage and capacity, the type of wireless handsets offered, and perceived quality, reliability and availability.  The Company's ability to compete successfully will depend, in part, on its marketing efforts and its ability to anticipate and respond to various competitive factors affecting the industry.

Data Services and Products Competition

The Internet industry is highly competitive, rapidly evolving and subject to constant technological change. Competition is based upon price, service bundles, the services and enhancements offered, the technologies used, customer service, billing services, and perceived quality, reliability and availability.  The Company competes with other providers some of which are headquartered outside of Alaska and have substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources.

The Company expects to continue to provide, at reasonable prices and in competitive bundles, a greater variety of data services than are available through other alternative delivery sources.  Additionally, the Company believes it offers superior technical performance and speed, and responsive community-based customer service.  Increased competition, however, may adversely affect the Company's market share and results of operations from its data services product offerings.

Presently, there are a number of competing companies in Alaska that actively sell and maintain data and voice communications systems.  The Company's ability to integrate communications networks and data communications equipment has allowed it to maintain its market position based on customer support services rather than price competition alone.  These services are blended with other transport products into unique customer solutions, including managed services and outsourcing.

Video Services and Products Competition

The Company's video systems face competition from services and devices that offer distribution of movies, television shows and other video programming, using alternative methods such as Internet video streaming and direct broadcast satellite ("DBS").  The Company's video systems also face competition from potential overbuilds of its existing cable systems.  The

extent to which the Company's video systems are competitive depends, in part, upon its ability to provide quality programming and other services at competitive prices.

Internet video streaming is a major source of competition for the Company's video services.  Additionally, some online video services produce or acquire their own original content. However, as a major Internet-provider, the competition may result in additional data service subscriber revenue for the Company to the extent it grows average Internet revenue per subscriber.

The DBS industry is another major source of competition for the Company's video services.  Two major companies, AT&T-owned DIRECTV and DISH DBS Corporation, are currently offering high-power DBS services in Alaska.

Video systems generally operate pursuant to franchises granted on a non-exclusive basis.  The 1992 Cable Act gives local franchising authorities jurisdiction over basic video service rates and equipment in the absence of "effective competition."  The 1992 Cable Act also prohibits franchising authorities from unreasonably denying requests for additional franchises and permits franchising authorities to operate video systems.  Well-financed businesses from outside the video industry may become competitors for franchises or providers of competing services.

The Company expects to continue to provide, at reasonable prices and in competitive bundles, a greater variety of video services than are available off-air or through other alternative delivery sources.  Additionally, the Company believes it offers superior technical performance and responsive community-based customer service.  Increased competition, however, may adversely affect the Company's market share and results of operations from its video services product offerings.

Voice Services and Products Competition

The Company's most significant competition for local access and long-distance comes from wireless substitution and voice over Internet protocol services. Wireless local number portability allows consumers to retain the same phone number as they change service providers allowing for interchangeable and portable fixed-line and wireless numbers.  A growing number of consumers now use wireless service as their primary voice phone service for local calling. The Company also competes against ILECs, long-distance resellers and certain smaller rural local telephone companies for local access and long-distance. The Company has competed by offering what it believes is excellent customer service and by providing desirable bundles of services.

See "Regulatory Matters - Wireline Voice Services and Products" above for more information.

Employees

GCI Liberty currently does not have any corporate employees. Liberty Media Corporation ("Liberty Media") provides GCI Liberty with certain management services pursuant to a services agreement and certain of Liberty Media's corporate employees and executive officers provide services to GCI Liberty for a determined fee. As of December 31, 2018, the Company's consolidated subsidiaries had an aggregate of approximately 2,270 full and part-time employees and the Company is not party to any union contracts with its employees. The Company believes that its employee relations are good.

Available Information

All of the Company's filings with the SEC, including its Form 10-Ks, Form 10-Qs and Form 8-Ks, as well as amendments to such filings are available on the Company's Internet website free of charge generally within 24 hours after it files such material with the SEC.  The Company's website address is www.gciliberty.com.

The Company's corporate governance guidelines, code of business conduct and ethics, compensation committee charter, nominating and corporate governance committee charter, and audit committee charter are available on its website.  In addition, the Company will provide a copy of any of these documents, free of charge, to any shareholder who calls or submits a request in writing to Investor Relations, GCI Liberty, Inc., 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112, Tel. No. (720)  875-5900.

The information contained on the Company's website and the websites of its subsidiaries and affiliated businesses mentioned throughout this report are not incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The risks described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only ones that relate to our businesses or our capitalization. The risks described below are considered to be the most material. However, there may be other unknown or unpredictable economic, business, competitive, regulatory or other factors that also could have material adverse effects on our businesses. Past financial performance may not be a reliable indicator of future performance and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future periods. If any of the events described below were to occur, our businesses, prospects, financial condition, results of operations and/or cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure

The historical financial information of our Company prior to the Transactions and the historical financial information of Holdco is not necessarily representative of our future financial position, future results of operations or future cash flows, nor does it reflect what our financial position, results of operations or cash flows would have been as a combined, stand-alone company during the periods presented.

The historical financial information of our Company as presented in our filings under the Exchange Act, including our Forms 10-K and 10-Q, made prior to the completion of the Transactions includes only the financial information of our pre-Transaction legacy operations (the "pre-Transaction GCI financial information"). Due to the treatment of a portion of the Transactions as a "reverse acquisition" under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with GAAP, for accounting purposes, Holdco was considered to acquire GCI Liberty (the entity formerly known as GCI) in the Transactions. Therefore, the historical financial information of the Company is the historical financial information of HoldCo, and not the pre-Transaction GCI financial information. As a result, neither the current historical financial information of our Company nor the pre-Transaction GCI financial information is representative of our future financial position, future results of operations or future cash flows, nor do they reflect what our financial position, results of operations or cash flows would have been as a combined, stand-alone company, pursuing independent strategies, during the periods presented.

GCI Liberty will conduct its operations to maintain its exclusion from the 40 Act, but nevertheless, may become subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940.

Following the completion of the Transactions, GCI Liberty is in the business of selling communications and entertainment services to subscribers, and its economic success will be based on its ability to retain current subscribers and attract new subscribers. Further, the GCI Holdings operating subsidiaries are expected to generate substantially all of the cash flow of the consolidated GCI Liberty. GCI Liberty intends to continue to conduct its operations so that neither it nor any of its subsidiaries is required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder (the "40 Act"). To ensure that GCI Liberty does not become subject to regulation under the 40 Act, GCI Liberty may be limited in the type of assets that it may continue to own or acquire and, further, may need to dispose of or acquire certain assets (through a purchase, sale, merger or other transaction) at such times or on such terms as may be less favorable to GCI Liberty than if it were not required to enter into such transaction to maintain its exclusion from regulation under the 40 Act. If for any reason, however, GCI Liberty were to become subject to regulation under the 40 Act (such as due to significant accretion in the value of its interests in certain publicly traded securities coupled with a reduction in the value of the GCI Holdings operations or a change in circumstance which results in a reclassification of certain of its operating assets as investment securities for purposes of the 40 Act), after giving effect to any applicable grace periods, GCI Liberty may be required to register as an investment company, which could result in significant registration and compliance costs, could require changes to its corporate governance structure and financial reporting, and could restrict its activities going forward. In addition, if GCI Liberty were to become inadvertently subject to the 40 Act, any violation of the 40 Act could subject it to material adverse consequences, including potentially significant regulatory penalties and the possibility that certain of its contracts could be deemed unenforceable.

Factors Relating to the Transactions

We may have a significant indemnity obligation to Qurate Retail if the GCI Liberty Split-Off is treated as a taxable transaction.

In connection with the contribution and Holdco Split-Off (together, the "GCI Liberty Split-Off"), Qurate Retail received an opinion of its tax counsel to the effect that, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the GCI Liberty Split-Off would qualify as a tax-free transaction to Qurate Retail and to the former holders of its Liberty Ventures common stock under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D) and related provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"). In July 2018,

the IRS completed its review of the GCI Liberty Split-Off and informed Qurate Retail that it agreed with the nontaxable characterization of the transactions. Qurate Retail received an Issue Resolution Agreement from the IRS documenting this conclusion.

Even if the GCI Liberty Split-Off otherwise qualifies under Section 355, Section 368(a)(1)(D), and related provisions of the Code, the GCI Liberty Split-Off would result in a significant U.S. federal income tax liability to Qurate Retail (but not to the former holders of Liberty Ventures common stock) under Section 355(e) of the Code if one or more persons acquire, directly or indirectly, a 50% or greater interest (measured by either vote or value) in the stock of Qurate Retail or in the stock of our Company (excluding, for this purpose, the acquisition of our common stock by Qurate Retail and holders of Liberty Ventures common stock pursuant to the GCI Liberty Split-Off transactions) as part of a plan or series of related transactions that includes the GCI Liberty Split-Off. Any acquisition of the stock of Qurate Retail or our Company (or any successor corporation) within two years before or after the GCI Liberty Split-Off would generally be presumed to be part of a plan that includes the GCI Liberty Split-Off, although the parties may be able to rebut that presumption under certain circumstances. The process for determining whether an acquisition is part of a plan under these rules is complex, inherently factual in nature and subject to a comprehensive analysis of the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Notwithstanding the opinion of tax counsel described above, Qurate Retail or we might inadvertently cause or permit a prohibited change in ownership of Qurate Retail or our Company, thereby triggering tax liability to Qurate Retail.

Prior to the GCI Liberty Split-Off, we entered into a tax sharing agreement with Qurate Retail. Under this agreement, Qurate Retail is generally responsible for any taxes and losses resulting from the failure of the GCI Liberty Split-Off to qualify as a tax-free transaction; however, we are required to indemnify Qurate Retail, its subsidiaries and certain related persons for any taxes and losses which (i) result primarily from, individually or in the aggregate, the breach of certain covenants made by us (applicable to actions or failures to act by our Company and our subsidiaries following the completion of the GCI Liberty Split-Off), or (ii) result from the application of Section 355(e) of the Code to the GCI Liberty Split-Off as a result of the treatment of the GCI Liberty Split-Off as part of a plan (or series of related transactions) pursuant to which one or more persons acquire, directly or indirectly, a 50% or greater interest (measured by either vote or value) in the stock of our Company (or any successor corporation). Our indemnification obligations to Qurate Retail, its subsidiaries, and certain related persons are not limited in amount or subject to any cap. If we are required to indemnify Qurate Retail, its subsidiaries, or such related persons under the circumstances set forth in the tax sharing agreement, we may be subject to substantial liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our financial position.

To preserve the tax-free treatment of the GCI Liberty Split-Off, we may determine to forego certain transactions that might have otherwise been advantageous to our Company, including certain asset dispositions or other strategic transactions for some period of time following the GCI Liberty Split-Off. In addition, our indemnity obligation related to the GCI Liberty Split-Off under the tax sharing agreement might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control transaction for some period of time following the GCI Liberty Split-Off.

Our Company has overlapping directors and management with Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband Corporation, Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. and Liberty Expedia Holdings, Inc., which may lead to conflicting interests.

As a result of the Transactions and other transactions between 2011 and 2016 that resulted in the separate corporate existence of Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings, Inc. ("Liberty TripAdvisor") and Liberty Expedia Holdings, Inc. ("Liberty Expedia"), most of the executive officers of GCI Liberty also serve as executive officers of Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty TripAdvisor, Liberty Broadband and Liberty Expedia, and there are overlapping directors. With the exception of our Company's ownership of shares of Liberty Broadband's non-voting Series C common stock, none of these companies has any ownership interest in any of the others. Our executive officers and members of our Company's board of directors have fiduciary duties to our shareholders. Likewise, any such persons who serve in similar capacities at Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor or Liberty Expedia have fiduciary duties to that company's stockholders. For example, there may be the potential for a conflict of interest when Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor, Liberty Expedia or GCI Liberty looks at acquisitions and other corporate opportunities that may be suitable for each of them. Therefore, such persons may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest in the event there are matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties. Moreover, most of our Company's directors and officers own GCI Liberty stock and equity awards and own Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor and Liberty Expedia stock and equity awards. Therefore, such persons may have conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving or affecting more than one of the companies to which they owe fiduciary duties. Any potential conflict that qualifies as a "related party transaction" (as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act) is subject to review by an independent committee of the applicable issuer's board of directors in accordance with its corporate governance guidelines. Each of Liberty

Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor, Liberty Expedia and GCI Liberty has renounced its rights to certain business opportunities, and their respective certificate of incorporation provides that no director or officer of the respective company will breach their fiduciary duty and therefore be liable to the respective company or its stockholders by reason of the fact that any such individual directs a corporate opportunity to another person or entity (including Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor and Liberty Expedia and GCI Liberty, as the case may be) instead of the respective company, or does not refer or communicate information regarding such corporate opportunity to the respective company, unless (x) such opportunity was expressly offered to such person solely in his or her capacity as a director or officer of the respective company or as a director or officer of any of the respective company's subsidiaries, and (y) such opportunity relates to a line of business in which the respective company or any of its subsidiaries is then directly engaged. Any other potential conflicts that may arise will be addressed on a case-by-case basis, keeping in mind the applicable fiduciary duties owed by the executive officers and directors of each issuer. From time to time, GCI Liberty may enter into transactions with Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor and Liberty Expedia and/or their respective subsidiaries or other affiliates. There can be no assurance that the terms of any such transaction will be as favorable to GCI Liberty, Qurate Retail, Liberty Media, Liberty Broadband, Liberty TripAdvisor and Liberty Expedia or any of their respective subsidiaries or affiliates as would be the case where there is no overlapping officer or director.

The market value of GCI Liberty's interests in publicly-traded securities may be affected by market conditions beyond its control that could cause it to record losses for declines in such market value.

Substantially all of the contributed HoldCo assets consist of equity interests in publicly-traded companies. The contributed HoldCo assets included shares of Charter valued at approximately $1.5 billion , as of December 31, 2018, and shares of Liberty Broadband, which is Charter's largest shareholder with a 25.01% voting interest in Charter, valued at approximately $3.1 billion , as of December 31, 2018. Our Company has no ability to exercise control over either Charter or Liberty Broadband, and therefore we cannot cause either investee to take actions which may be in the best interest of our Company and our investment in these companies. Although many of the risks described below relating to our operating business similarly affect Charter and Liberty Broadband, for additional information regarding the risks and uncertainties specific to Charter and Liberty Broadband, holders of GCI Liberty securities should please see "Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors-Factors Relating to Our Corporate History and Structure" and "Part I-Item 1A. Risk Factors-Factors Relating to Charter" of Liberty Broadband's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, filed with the SEC on February 8, 2019. In addition, as of the completion of the Transactions, the contributed HoldCo assets included an interest in the publicly traded equity of LendingTree with a market value of approximately $756.2 million , as of December 31, 2018. The value of these interests may be affected by economic and market conditions that are beyond our control, and our ability to liquidate or otherwise monetize these interests without adversely affecting their value may be limited.

Factors Relating to Our GCI Holdings' Business and Future Results

Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely affect the business operations of GCI Holdings, which we refer to as "GCI" in the following risk factors relating to the business of GCI Holdings.  Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

GCI faces competition that may reduce our market share and harm our financial performance.

There is substantial competition in the telecommunications and entertainment industries.  Through mergers, various service integration strategies, and business alliances, major providers are striving to strengthen their competitive positions. GCI faces increased wireless services competition from national carriers in the Alaska market and increasing video services competition from DBS providers and over-the-top content providers who are often able to offer more flexible subscription packages and exclusive content.

We expect competition to increase as a result of the rapid development of new technologies, services and products.  We cannot predict which of many possible future technologies, products or services will be important to maintain GCI's competitive position or what expenditures will be required to develop and provide these technologies, products or services.  GCI's ability to compete successfully will depend on marketing and on its ability to anticipate and respond to various competitive factors affecting the industry, including new services that may be introduced, changes in consumer preferences, economic conditions and pricing strategies by competitors.  To the extent GCI does not keep pace with technological advances or fails to timely respond to changes in competitive factors in its industry and in its markets, GCI could lose market share or experience a decline in its revenue and net income. Competitive conditions create a risk of market share loss and the risk that customers shift to less profitable lower margin services.  Competitive pressures also create challenges for its ability to grow

new businesses or introduce new services successfully and execute its business plan.  GCI also faces the risk of potential price cuts by our competitors that could materially adversely affect its market share and gross margins.

GCI's wholesale customers including its major roaming customers may construct facilities in locations where they contract with GCI to use its network to provide service on their behalf. We would experience a decline in revenue and net income if any of GCI's wholesale customers constructed or expanded their existing networks in places where service is provided on GCI's network. Some of GCI's wholesale customers have greater access to financial, technical, and other resources than it does. GCI expects to continue to offer competitive alternatives to such customers in order to retain significant traffic on its network. We cannot predict whether such negotiations will be successful. GCI's inability to negotiate such contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If GCI experiences low or negative rates of subscriber acquisition or high rates of turnover, our financial performance will be impaired.

GCI is in the business of selling communications and entertainment services to subscribers, and its economic success is based on its ability to retain current subscribers and attract new subscribers. If GCI is unable to retain and attract subscribers, its and our financial performance will be impaired.  GCI's rates of subscriber acquisition and turnover are affected by a number of competitive factors including the size of its service areas, network performance and reliability issues, its device and service offerings, subscribers' perceptions of its services, and customer care quality. Managing these factors and subscribers' expectations is essential in attracting and retaining subscribers. Although GCI has implemented programs to attract new subscribers and address subscriber turnover, we cannot assure you that these programs or GCI's strategies to address subscriber acquisition and turnover will be successful. A high rate of turnover or low or negative rate of new subscriber acquisition would reduce revenue and increase the total marketing expenditures required to attract the minimum number of subscribers required to sustain GCI's business plan which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

GCI may be unable to obtain or maintain the roaming services it needs from other carriers to remain competitive.

Some of GCI's competitors have national networks that enable them to offer nationwide coverage to their subscribers at a lower cost than GCI can offer. The networks GCI operates do not, by themselves, provide national coverage and GCI must pay fees to other carriers who provide roaming services to it. GCI currently relies on roaming agreements with several carriers for the majority of its roaming services.

The FCC requires commercial mobile radio service providers to provide roaming, upon request, for voice and SMS text messaging services on just, reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.  The FCC also requires carriers to offer data roaming services. The rules do not provide or mandate any specific mechanism for determining the reasonableness of roaming rates for voice, SMS text messaging or data services and require that roaming complaints be resolved on a case-by-case basis, based on a non-exclusive list of factors that can be taken into account in determining the reasonableness of particular conduct or rates.  If GCI were to lose the benefit of one or more key roaming or wholesale agreements unexpectedly, it may be unable to obtain similar replacement agreements and as a result may be unable to continue providing nationwide voice and data roaming services for its customers or may be unable to provide such services on a cost-effective basis.  GCI's inability to obtain new or replacement roaming services on a cost-effective basis may limit its ability to compete effectively for wireless customers, which may increase its turnover and decrease its revenue, which in turn could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

GCI's business is subject to extensive governmental legislation and regulation.  Applicable legislation and regulations and changes to them could adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Wireless Services.  The licensing, construction, operation, sale and interconnection arrangements of wireless communications systems are regulated by the FCC and, depending on the jurisdiction, state and local regulatory agencies.  In particular, the FCC imposes significant regulation on licensees of wireless spectrum with respect to:

Although the Communications Act preempts state and local regulation of market entry and the rates charged by commercial mobile radio service providers, states may exercise authority over such things as certain billing practices and

consumer-related issues.  These regulations could increase the costs of GCI's wireless operations.  The FCC grants wireless licenses for terms of generally ten years that are subject to renewal and revocation. FCC rules require all wireless licensees to meet certain build-out requirements and substantially comply with applicable FCC rules and policies and the Communications Act in order to retain their licenses.  Failure to comply with FCC requirements in a given license area could result in revocation of the license for that license area.  There is no guarantee that GCI's licenses will be renewed.

Commercial mobile radio service providers must implement E911 capabilities in accordance with FCC rules.  While we believe that we are currently in compliance with such FCC rules, the failure to deploy E911 service consistent with FCC requirements could subject us to significant fines.

GCI uses tower facilities for the provision of its wireless services. The FCC, together with the FAA, also regulates tower marking and lighting. In addition, tower construction is affected by federal, state and local statutes addressing zoning, environmental protection and historic preservation.  The FCC requires local notice in any community in which an applicant is seeking FCC antenna structure registration to build a tower.  Local notice provides members of the community with an opportunity to comment on or challenge the tower construction for environmental reasons.  This rule could cause delay for certain tower construction projects.

Internet Services.  In 2015, the FCC adopted an order reclassifying Internet service as a telecommunications service under Title II of the Communications Act. The order prohibited broadband providers from blocking or throttling most lawful public Internet traffic, from engaging in paid prioritization of that traffic, and from unreasonably interfering with or disadvantaging end users' and edge providers' ability to send traffic to, from, and among each other.  The order also strengthened the FCC's transparency rules, which require accurate and truthful service disclosures, sufficient for consumers to make informed choices, for example, about speed, price and fees, latency, and network management practices.  The order allowed broadband providers to engage in reasonable network management, including using techniques to address traffic congestion. The new rules applied equally to wired and wireless broadband services. The order refrained from imposing rate regulation or tariff requirements on broadband services.

On January 4, 2018, the FCC released an order that returned to a Title I classification of Internet service and eliminated many of the requirements described above. There are various efforts in Congress, through the federal courts of appeal, and through state legislation to re-impose net neutrality requirements or some variation thereof. For example, on September 30, 2018, California enacted the California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018, which establishes many of the requirements adopted by the FCC in 2015. California has agreed not to enforce the new law pending the resolution of a petition for review of the FCC's January 4, 2018 order in the D.C. Circuit, and any subsequent proceedings before the U.S. Supreme Court. We cannot predict whether the FCC or Congress will re-impose the 2015 rules or some variation thereof. It is possible that the FCC could interpret or apply any re-imposed rules in a way that has a material adverse effect on GCI's business, financial position, results of operations, or liquidity.

Video Services .  The cable television industry is subject to extensive regulation at various levels, and various aspects of such regulation often are the subject of judicial proceedings and administrative or legislative proposals. It is possible that rate reductions or refunds of previously collected fees may be required of GCI in the future.

Other existing federal regulations, currently the subject of judicial, legislative, and administrative review, could change, in varying degrees, the manner in which video systems operate. Neither the outcome of these proceedings nor their impact on the cable television industry in general, or on GCI's activities and prospects in the cable television business in particular, can be predicted at this time. There can be no assurance that future regulatory actions taken by Congress, the FCC or other federal, state or local government authorities will not have a material adverse effect on GCI's business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Local Access Services.  GCI's success in the local telephone market depends on its continued ability to obtain interconnection, access and related services from local exchange carriers on terms that are reasonable and that are based on the cost of providing these services. GCI's ability to provide service in the local telephone market depends on its negotiation or arbitration with local exchange carriers to allow interconnection to the carrier's existing local telephone network (in some Alaska markets at cost-based rates), to establish dialing parity, to obtain access to rights-of-way, to resell services offered by the local exchange carrier, and in some cases, to allow the purchase, at cost-based rates, of access to unbundled network elements. Future negotiations or arbitration proceedings with respect to new or existing markets could result in a change in GCI's cost of serving these markets via the facilities of the Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers or via wholesale offerings. GCI's local telephone services business faces the risk of unfavorable changes in regulation or legislation or the introduction of new regulations.

Loss of GCI's ETC status would disqualify it for USF support.

The USF pays support to ETCs to support the provision of facilities-based wireline and wireless telephone service in high cost areas.  If GCI were to lose its ETC status in any of the study areas where it is currently an authorized ETC whether due to legislative or regulatory reform or its failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations, GCI would be ineligible to receive USF support for providing service in that area.  Loss of ETC status could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Revenue and accounts receivable from USF support may be reduced or lost.

GCI receives support from each of the various USF programs: high cost, low income, rural health care, and schools and libraries.  This support was 23% of the Company's revenue for the period following the date of the Transactions through December 31, 2018.  The support received by pre-Transaction GCI during prior years was comparable. GCI had USF net receivables of $91 million at December 31, 2018.  The USF programs are subject to change by regulatory actions taken by the FCC, interpretations of or compliance with USF program rules, or legislative actions.  Changes to any of the USF programs that GCI participates in could result in a material decrease in revenue and accounts receivable, which could have an adverse effect on GCI's business and the Company's financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In November 2017, USAC requested further information in support of the rural rates charged to a number of our RHC customers in connection with the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. On October 10, 2018, GCI received a letter from the Bureau notifying it of the Bureau's decision to reduce the rural rates charged to RHC customers for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 by approximately 26% resulting in a reduction of total support payments of $27.8 million. The FCC also informed GCI that the same cost methodology used for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 would be applied to rates charged to RHC customers in subsequent funding years. In response to the letter from the Bureau, GCI filed an Application for Review of the Bureau's decision with the FCC. In the third quarter of 2018, GCI recorded a $19.1 million reduction in its receivables balance as part of its acquisition accounting and recorded a reduction in revenue in the current period for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 of approximately $8.6 million. GCI expects to reduce future RHC program revenue by a similar rate as to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018, which based on a current run rate would approximate $7 million per quarter until it can reach a final resolution with the FCC regarding the funding amounts.

On March 15, 2018, USAC announced that the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 exceeded the funding available for the RHC Program. Since that time, on June 25, 2018, the FCC issued an order resulting in an increase of the annual RHC Program funding cap from $400 million to $571 million and applied it to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. The FCC also determined that it would annually adjust the RHC Program funding cap for inflation, beginning with the funding year ending on June 30, 2019 and carry-forward unused funds from past funding years for use in future funding years. As a result, aggregate funding was available to pay in full the approved funding under the RHC program for the funding year ended on June 30, 2018.

In addition, on March 23, 2018, GCI received a separate letter of inquiry and request for information from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC, to which it is in the process of responding. This inquiry into the rates charged by GCI is still pending, and presently it is unable to assess the ultimate resolution of this matter. The ongoing uncertainty in program funding could have an adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

On November 30, 2018, GCI received multiple funding denial notices from USAC, denying requested funding from the RHC Program operated by a rural health customer (the "Customer") for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. At the rates approved by the Bureau in a letter received on October 10, 2018, the funding at issue under the denials is approximately $13 million. In November 2017, USAC requested information from the Customer related to bidding process documentation for two separate service contracts GCI has with the Customer. Although the Customer timely responded, USAC found that bids previously received were not submitted with the original funding request and/or that bidding information submitted was related to the wrong bidding year. The Customer filed an appeal with USAC on January 29, 2019. At this time, GCI has no reason to believe that there was any violation of the FCC's competitive bidding rules, but without further information from the Customer and/or USAC, it cannot assess whether the USAC denials will be overturned. If the denial notices are upheld for reasons relating to the Customer's competitive bidding process, funding issued under one or both contracts for prior years could be subject to further review, as well as funding for services already being delivered or to be delivered for the period from July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019. GCI has accounts receivable of approximately $18 million outstanding as of December 31, 2018 associated with these two service contracts. The outstanding accounts receivable includes

the approximate $13 million of funding at issue as discussed above and additional amounts for services provided for the period from July 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Given the uncertainty of whether the USAC denials will be overturned, it is reasonably possible that GCI may incur a loss. The amount of a potential loss could range from zero to the full amount of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018. No amount within this range of a potential loss is a better estimate than any other amount. Accordingly, no loss was recorded as of December 31, 2018 given the minimum amount in the range is zero.

In addition, on December 4, 2018, the FCC issued a public notice seeking further comment on an earlier proposal to determine the rural rates for services supported by the RHC Program in a different manner than it does today. GCI and others submitted comments on January 30, 2019, but GCI cannot assess at this time the substance, impact on funding, or timing of any future rule changes that may be adopted by the FCC.

GCI may not meet its performance plan milestones under the Alaska High Cost Order.

As an ETC, GCI receives support from the USF to support the provision of wireline local access and wireless service in high cost areas. On August 31, 2016, the FCC published the Alaska High Cost Order which requires GCI to submit to the FCC a performance plan with five-year and ten-year commitments.  If GCI is unable to meet the final performance plan milestones approved by the FCC it will be required to repay 1.89 times the average amount of support per location received over the ten-year term for the relevant number of locations that GCI failed to deploy to, plus ten percent of its total Alaska High Cost Order support received over the ten-year term. Inability to meet GCI's performance plan milestones could have an adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

GCI may lose USF high cost support if another carrier adds 4G LTE service in an area where it currently provides 4G LTE service.

Under the Alaska High Cost Order, the FCC adopted a process for revisiting after five years whether and to what extent there is duplicative support for 4G LTE service in rural Alaska and to take steps to eliminate such duplicative support levels in the second half of the ten-year term. As a result, if another carrier builds 4G LTE service in an area where GCI is the sole provider and the FCC decides to redistribute the support then GCI's high cost support may be reduced, which could have an adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Programming expenses for GCI's video services are increasing, which could adversely affect our business.

We expect programming expenses for GCI's video services to continue to increase in the foreseeable future.  The multichannel video provider industry has continued to experience an increase in the cost of programming, especially sports programming and costs to retransmit local broadcast stations. As GCI's contracts with content providers expire, there can be no assurance that they will be renewed on acceptable terms or that they will be renewed at all, in which case GCI may be unable to provide such content as part of its video services and our business could be adversely affected. If GCI adds programming to its video services or if GCI chooses to distribute existing programming to its customers through additional delivery platforms, GCI may incur increased programming expenses.  If GCI is unable to raise its customers' rates or offset such programming cost increases through the sale of additional services, the increasing cost of programming could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The decline in GCI's voice services' results of operations, which include long-distance and local access services, may accelerate.

We expect GCI's voice services' results of operations, which include long-distance and local access services, will continue to decline.  As competition from wireless carriers, such as GCI, increases we expect GCI's long-distance and local access services' subscribers and revenue will continue to decline and the rate of decline may accelerate.

GCI may not be able to satisfy the requirements of its participation in a New Markets Tax Credit ("NMTC") program for funding its TERRA project.

GCI has entered into several arrangements under the NMTC program with US Bancorp to help fund various phases of its TERRA project. In connection with the NMTC transactions GCI received proceeds which were restricted for use on TERRA. The NMTCs are subject to 100% recapture of the tax credit for a period of seven years as provided in the Code. We are required to be in compliance with various regulations and contractual provisions that apply to the NMTC arrangements.  We have agreed to indemnify US Bancorp for any loss or recapture of its $35.1 million in NMTCs plus interest and penalties until such time as our obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. Our obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved in various stages

from October 2019 through December 2024. Non-compliance with applicable requirements could result in projected tax benefits not being realized by US Bancorp and could have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Failure to stay abreast of new technology could affect GCI's ability to compete in the industry.

GCI tests and deploys various new technologies and support systems intended to enhance its competitiveness and increase the utility of its services. As GCI's operations grow in size and scope, it must continuously improve and upgrade its systems and infrastructure while maintaining or improving the reliability and integrity of its systems and infrastructure. The emergence of alternative platforms such as mobile or tablet computing devices and the emergence of niche competitors who may be able to optimize products, services or strategies for such platforms will require new investment in technology. GCI may not successfully complete the rollout of new technology and related features or services in a timely manner, and they may not be widely accepted by GCI's customers or may not be profitable, in which case GCI could not recover its investment in the technology.  There can be no assurance that GCI will be able to compete with advancing technology or introduce new technologies and systems as quickly as it would like or in a cost effective manner. Deployment of technology supporting new service offerings may also adversely affect the performance or reliability of its networks with respect to both the new and existing services.  Any resulting customer dissatisfaction could affect GCI's ability to retain customers and may have an adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. In addition to introducing new technologies and offerings, GCI must phase out outdated and unprofitable technologies and services.  If GCI is unable to do so on a cost-effective basis, GCI could experience reduced profits.

GCI's operations are geographically concentrated in Alaska and are impacted by the economic conditions in Alaska.

GCI offers products and services to customers primarily throughout Alaska. Because of this geographic concentration, growth of GCI's business and operations depends upon economic conditions in Alaska.  The economy of Alaska is dependent upon the oil industry, state government spending, United States military spending, investment earnings and tourism. Prolonged periods of low oil prices adversely impacts the Alaska economy, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the demand for GCI's products and services and on our results of operations and financial condition.  Low oil prices have put significant pressure on the Alaska state government budget since the majority of its revenue come from the oil industry. While the Alaska state government has significant reserves that we believe could help fund the state government, budgetary reforms will need to be implemented in order to offset the impact of lower oil prices.

The Alaska economy is in a recession that started in late 2015. While it is difficult for us to predict the future impact of the continuing recession on GCI's business, these conditions have had an adverse impact on GCI's business and could continue to adversely affect the affordability of and demand for some of its products and services and cause customers to shift to lower priced products and services or to delay or forgo purchases of its products and services.  Additionally, its customers may not be able to obtain adequate access to credit, which could affect their ability to make timely payments to GCI.  If that were to occur, we could be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts, and the number of days outstanding for our accounts receivable could increase. If the recession continues, it could continue to negatively affect GCI's business including our financial position, results of operations, or liquidity, as well as our ability to service debt, pay other obligations and enhance shareholder returns.

The customer base in Alaska is limited and GCI has already achieved significant market penetration with respect to its service offerings in Anchorage and other locations in Alaska. GCI may not be able to continue to increase its share of the existing markets for its services, and no assurance can be given that the Alaskan economy will grow and increase the size of the markets GCI serves or increase the demand for the services it offers.  The markets in Alaska for wireless and wireline telecommunications and video services are unique and distinct within the United States due to Alaska's large geographical size, its sparse population located in a limited number of clusters, and its distance from the rest of the United States.  The expertise GCI has developed in operating its businesses in Alaska may not provide GCI with the necessary expertise to successfully enter other geographic markets.

Natural or man-made disasters or terrorist attacks could have an adverse effect on GCI's business.

GCI's technical infrastructure (including our communications network infrastructure and ancillary functions supporting its network such as service activation, billing and customer care) is vulnerable to damage or interruption from technology failures, power surges or outages, natural disasters, fires, human error, terrorism, intentional wrongdoing or similar events. As a communications provider, there is an increased risk that GCI's technological infrastructure may be targeted in connection with terrorism or cyberattacks, either as a primary target, or as a means of facilitating additional attacks on other

targets.

In addition, earthquakes, floods, fires and other unforeseen natural disasters or events could materially disrupt GCI's business operations or its provision of service in one or more markets.  Specifically, the majority of GCI's facilities are located in areas with known significant seismic activity. Costs GCI incurs to restore, repair or replace its network or technical infrastructure, as well as costs associated with detecting, monitoring or reducing the incidence of unauthorized use, may be substantial and increase GCI's cost of providing service. Many of the areas in which GCI operates have limited emergency response services and may be difficult to reach in an emergency situation. Should a natural disaster or other event occur, it could be weeks or longer before remediation efforts could be implemented, if they could be implemented at all. Further, any failure in or interruption of systems that GCI or third parties maintain to support ancillary functions, such as billing, point of sale, inventory management, customer care and financial reporting, could materially impact GCI's ability to timely and accurately record, process and report information important to our business.  If any of the above events were to occur, GCI could experience higher churn, reduced revenue and increased costs, any of which could harm its reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, our insurance may not be adequate to cover the costs associated with a natural disaster or terrorist attack.

Cyberattacks or other network disruptions could have an adverse effect on GCI's business.

Cyberattacks against GCI's technological infrastructure or breaches of network information technology may cause equipment failures, disruption of its operations, and potentially unauthorized access to confidential customer data. Cyberattacks, which include the use of malware, computer viruses, and other means for service disruption or unauthorized access to confidential customer data, have increased in frequency, scope, and potential harm for businesses in recent years. It is possible for such cyberattacks to go undetected for an extended period of time, increasing the potential harm to GCI's customers, assets, and reputation.

To date, GCI has not been subject to cyberattacks or network disruptions that, individually or in the aggregate, have been material to GCI's operations or financial condition. Nevertheless, GCI engages in a variety of preventive measures at an increased cost to GCI, in order to reduce the risk of cyberattacks and safeguard its infrastructure and confidential customer information. Such measures include, but are not limited to the following industry best practices: application whitelisting, anti-malware, message and spam filtering, encryption, advanced firewalls, threat detection, and URL filtering. Despite these preventive and detective actions, GCI's efforts may be insufficient to repel a major cyberattack or network disruption in the future.

Some of the most significant risks to GCI's information technology systems, networks, and infrastructure include:

If hackers or cyberthieves gain improper access to GCI's technology systems, networks, or infrastructure, they may be able to access, steal, publish, delete, misappropriate, modify or otherwise disrupt access to confidential customer data. Moreover, additional harm to customers could be perpetrated by third parties who are given access to the confidential customer data. A network disruption (including one resulting from a cyberattack) could cause an interruption or degradation of service as well as permit access, theft, publishing, deletion, misappropriation, or modification to or of confidential customer data. Due to the evolving techniques used in cyberattacks to disrupt or gain unauthorized access to technology networks, GCI may not be able to anticipate or prevent such disruption or unauthorized access.

The costs imposed on us as a result of a cyberattack or network disruption could be significant. Among others, such costs could include increased expenditures on cyber security measures, litigation, fines, and sanctions, lost revenue from business interruption, and damage to the public's perception regarding our ability to provide a secure service. As a result, a cyberattack or network disruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Increases in data usage on GCI's wired and wireless networks may cause network capacity limitations, resulting in service disruptions, reduced capacity or slower transmission speeds for GCI's customers.

Video streaming services and peer-to-peer file sharing applications use significantly more bandwidth than traditional Internet activity such as web browsing and email. As use of these services continues to grow, GCI's customers will likely use more bandwidth than in the past. Additionally, new wireless handsets and devices may place a higher demand for data on GCI's wireless network. If this occurs, GCI could be required to make significant capital expenditures to increase network capacity in order to avoid service disruptions, service degradation or slower transmission speeds for its customers. Alternatively, GCI could choose to implement network management practices to reduce the network capacity available to bandwidth-intensive activities during certain times in market areas experiencing congestion, which could negatively affect its ability to retain and attract customers in affected areas. While we believe demand for these services may drive customers to pay for faster speeds, competitive or regulatory constraints may preclude GCI from recovering the costs of the necessary network investments which could result in an adverse impact to our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Prolonged service interruptions or system failures could affect GCI's business.

GCI relies heavily on its network equipment, communications providers, data and software to support all of its functions.  GCI relies on its networks and the networks of others for substantially all of its revenue. GCI is able to deliver services and serve its customers only to the extent that it can protect its network systems against damage from power or communication failures, computer viruses, natural disasters, unauthorized access and other disruptions.  While GCI endeavors to provide for failures in the network by providing back-up systems and procedures, GCI cannot guarantee that these back-up systems and procedures will operate satisfactorily in an emergency.  Disruption to its billing systems due to a failure of existing hardware and backup protocols could have an adverse effect on our revenue and cash flow. Should GCI experience a prolonged failure, it could seriously jeopardize its ability to continue operations.  In particular, should a significant service interruption occur, GCI's ongoing customers may choose a different provider, and its reputation may be damaged, reducing its attractiveness to new customers.

If failures occur in GCI's undersea fiber optic cable systems or GCI's TERRA facilities and its extensions, GCI's ability to immediately restore the entirety of GCI's service may be limited and we could incur significant costs.

GCI's communications facilities include undersea fiber optic cable systems that carry a large portion of its traffic to and from the contiguous lower 48 states, one of which provides an alternative geographically diverse backup communication facility to the other.  GCI's facilities also include TERRA and its extensions some of which are unringed, operating in a remote environment and are at times difficult to access for repairs.  Damage to an undersea fiber optic cable system or TERRA and its extensions could result in significant unplanned expense. If a failure of both sides of the ring of GCI's undersea fiber optic facilities or GCI's ringed TERRA facility and its unringed extensions occurs and GCI is not able to secure alternative facilities, some of the communications services GCI offers to its customers could be interrupted, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

If a failure occurs in GCI's satellite communications systems, GCI's ability to immediately restore the entirety of its service may be limited.

GCI's communications facilities include satellite transponders that GCI uses to serve many rural and remote Alaska locations.  Each of GCI's C-band and Ku-band satellite transponders are backed up using on-board transponder redundancy.  In the event of a complete spacecraft failure the services are restored using capacity on other spacecraft that are held in reserve.  If a failure of GCI's satellite transponders occurs and GCI is not able to secure alternative facilities, some of the communications services GCI offers to its customers could be interrupted which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

GCI depends on a limited number of third-party vendors to supply communications equipment.  If GCI does not obtain the necessary communications equipment, GCI will not be able to meet the needs of its customers.

GCI depends on a limited number of third-party vendors to supply wireless, Internet, video and other telephony-related equipment.  If GCI's providers of this equipment are unable to timely supply the equipment necessary to meet GCI's needs or provide them at an acceptable cost, GCI may not be able to satisfy demand for its services and competitors may fulfill this demand.  Due to the unique characteristics of the Alaska communications markets (i.e., remote locations, rural, satellite-served, low density populations, and our leading edge services and products), in many situations GCI deploys and utilizes specialized, advanced technology and equipment that may not have a large market or demand.  GCI's vendors may not succeed in

developing sufficient market penetration to sustain continuing production and may fail.  Vendor bankruptcy, or acquisition without continuing product support by the acquiring company, may require GCI to replace technology before its otherwise useful end of life due to lack of on-going vendor support and product development.

The suppliers and vendors on which GCI relies may also be subject to litigation with respect to technology on which GCI depends, including litigation involving claims of patent infringement.  Such claims have been growing rapidly in the communications industry.  We are unable to predict whether GCI's business will be affected by any such litigation.  We expect GCI's dependence on key suppliers to continue as they develop and introduce more advanced generations of technology. The failure of GCI's key suppliers to provide products or product support could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, and results of operations.

GCI does not have insurance to cover certain risks to which it is subject, which could lead to the occurrence of uninsured liabilities.

As is typical in the communications industry, GCI is self-insured for damage or loss to certain of its transmission facilities, including its buried, undersea and above-ground fiber optic cable systems.  If GCI becomes subject to substantial uninsured liabilities due to damage or loss to such facilities, our financial position, results of operations or liquidity may be adversely affected.

GCI recently completed the process of transferring its customer billing systems to a new third-party vendor. Any unanticipated difficulties, disruption or significant delays could have adverse operational, financial and reputational effects on our business.

GCI recently implemented a new customer billing system, which involved moving to a new third-party billing services vendor and platform in 2018. Because the implementation was effected recently, the implementation may cause unforeseen major system or business disruptions. In addition, the third-party billing services vendor may experience errors, cyber-attacks or other operational disruptions that could negatively impact GCI and over which GCI may have limited control. Interruptions and/or failure of this new billing services system could disrupt GCI's operations and impact its ability to provide or bill for its services, retain customers, or attract new customers, and negatively impact overall customer experience. Any occurrence of the foregoing could cause material adverse effects on our operations and financial condition, material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and reputational damage.

Concerns about health/safety risks associated with wireless equipment may reduce the demand for GCI's wireless services.

GCI does not manufacture devices or other equipment it sells, and GCI depends on its suppliers to provide defect-free and safe equipment. Suppliers are required by applicable law to manufacture their devices to meet certain governmentally imposed safety criteria. However, even if the devices GCI sells meet the regulatory safety criteria, GCI could be held liable with the equipment manufacturers and suppliers for any harm caused by products GCI sells if such products are later found to have design or manufacturing defects. We cannot guarantee that GCI will be fully protected against all losses associated with a product that is found to be defective.

Portable communications devices have been alleged to pose health risks, including cancer, due to radio frequency emissions from these devices.  Purported class actions and other lawsuits have been filed from time to time against other wireless companies seeking not only damages but also remedies that could increase the cost of doing business.  GCI cannot be sure of the outcome of any such cases or that the industry will not be adversely affected by litigation of this nature or public perception about health risks.  The actual or perceived risk of mobile communications devices could adversely affect GCI through a reduction in subscribers.  Further research and studies are ongoing, with no linkage between health risks and mobile phone use established to date by a credible public source.  However, we cannot be sure that additional studies will not demonstrate a link between radio frequency emissions and health concerns.

Additionally, there are safety risks associated with the use of wireless devices while operating vehicles or equipment. Concerns over any of these risks and the effect of any legislation, rules or regulations that have been and may be adopted in response to these risks could limit GCI's ability to sell its wireless services.

Risk Related to Our Company as a Whole

We are a holding company with a substantial portion of our consolidated debt and other obligations held outside of our operating subsidiaries, and our ability to service that debt and such other obligations will require access to funds of our operating subsidiaries, which may be restricted.

In connection with the Transactions, our Company incurred substantial indebtedness, in addition to the indebtedness that GCI Liberty had outstanding prior to the completion of the Transactions, of $1.0 billion in term loan borrowings pursuant to the margin loan facility entered into by Broadband Holdco LLC ("Broadband HoldCo"), which margin loan facility includes the ability to request additional term loan facilities or increase the amount of the initial loan in an aggregate principal amount of up to $300 million (the "Margin Loan"). Subsequently, in October 2018, Broadband Holdco entered into Amendment No. 1 (the "Amendment") to the Margin Loan (the "Margin Loan Agreement"). The Amendment established a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $200 million (the "Revolving Credit Facility") and reduced the existing term loan credit facility under the Margin Loan Agreement to $800 million (the "Term Loan Facility" and, together with Revolving Credit Facility, the "Margin Loan Facility"). The Margin Loan Facility is secured by a pledge of approximately 42.7 million shares of Series C common stock of Liberty Broadband, which constitutes all of the assets of Broadband Holdco. Following the Transactions, our indebtedness as it existed prior to the Transactions is held through GCI, LLC, an intermediate holding company of GCI Liberty that holds, in turn, all of the capital stock of GCI Liberty's legacy operating subsidiaries, as well as all of the contributed HoldCo assets, including Broadband Holdco. We expect that the GCI Holdings operating subsidiaries will generate substantially all of the cash flow of our consolidated company. As of December 31, 2018, the indebtedness of GCI, LLC consists of $900.0 million in borrowings under the Margin Loan Facility, $775.0 million in outstanding 6.75% senior notes due 2021 and the 6.875% senior notes due 2025 (together, the "Senior Notes") and $715.1 million in outstanding term and revolving loans under a senior secured credit facility with a syndicate of banks (the "Senior Credit Facility"). In addition, as of December 31, 2018, the indebtedness of GCI Liberty includes $477.3 million of its outstanding 1.75% exchangeable senior debentures due 2046.

Qurate Retail, Liberty LLC, and GCI Liberty have entered into an indemnification agreement with the other parties thereto pursuant to which, among other things, (1) GCI Liberty will indemnify Liberty LLC with respect to any of Liberty LLCs 1.75% Exchangeable Debentures due 2046 (the "Liberty Charter Exchangeable Debentures") surrendered for exchange to Liberty LLC on or before October 5, 2023 for the amount by which (i) the exchange value exceeds (ii) the sum of the adjusted principal amount of such Liberty Charter Exchangeable Debentures plus the amount of certain tax benefits attributable to such Liberty Charter Exchangeable Debentures so exchanged, and (2) Qurate Retail and GCI Liberty will indemnify each other with respect to certain potential losses in respect of the HoldCo Split-Off.

The ability of GCI Liberty, GCI, LLC, and Broadband Holdco to service their respective financial obligations will depend on their ability to access cash. The ability of GCI Liberty or GCI, LLC to access the cash of GCI Liberty's legacy operating subsidiaries will depend on those subsidiaries individual operating results and any statutory or regulatory restrictions. In addition, covenants included in GCI, LLC's Senior Notes and Senior Credit Facility will limit the ability of GCI, LLC to upstream cash to GCI Liberty or downstream cash to Broadband Holdco for this purpose. For example, as of December 31, 2018, GCI, LLC exceeded the maximum leverage threshold, as measured by the terms of the Senior Notes, and therefore does not have access to any additional funding under the revolving portion of the Senior Credit Facility. GCI Liberty's other potential sources of cash include its available cash balances, dividends and interest from its investments, monetization of the public investment portfolio contributed to GCI Liberty in the Transactions, and proceeds from asset sales. There can be no assurance that we will continue to maintain the amounts of cash or marketable securities that we have.

Our significant debt and lease obligations could adversely affect our business.

We have and will continue to have a significant amount of debt and lease obligations including capital, operating, and the tower obligations (see note 15 of the Company's consolidated financial statements found in Part II of this report for additional information). Our high level of debt and lease obligations could have important consequences, including the following:

We will require a significant amount of cash to service our debt and to meet other obligations.  Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control.  If we are unable to meet our future capital needs it may be necessary for us to curtail, delay or abandon our business growth plans. If we incur significant additional indebtedness to fund our plans, it could cause a decline in our credit rating and could increase our borrowing costs or limit our ability to raise additional capital.

We will continue to require a significant amount of cash to satisfy our debt service requirements and to meet other obligations.  As of December 31, 2018, we have outstanding approximately $2.9 billion of indebtedness on a consolidated basis. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our debt and to fund planned capital expenditures and acquisitions will depend on our ability to generate cash and to arrange additional financing in the future.  These abilities are subject to, among other factors, our credit rating, our financial performance, general economic conditions, prevailing market conditions, the state of competition in our market, the outcome of certain legislative and regulatory issues and other factors that may be beyond our control.  Our business may not generate sufficient cash flow from operations and future borrowings may not be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs.  We may need to refinance all or a portion of our debt on or before maturity.  We may not be able to refinance any of our debt on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

The terms of our debt obligations impose restrictions on us that may affect our ability to successfully operate our business and our ability to make payments on the debt obligations.

The indentures governing our Senior Notes and/or the credit agreements governing our Senior Credit Facility and other loans contain various covenants that could materially and adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs and to engage in other business activities that may be in our best interest. For example, as of December 31, 2018, GCI, LLC exceeded the maximum leverage threshold, as measured by the terms of the Senior Notes, and therefore does not have access to any additional funding under the revolving portion of the Senior Credit Facility.

This restriction, along with these other covenants, may restrict our ability to expand or to pursue our business strategies.  Our ability to comply with these covenants may be affected by events beyond our control, such as prevailing economic conditions and changes in regulations, and if such events occur, we cannot be sure that we will be able to comply.  A breach of these covenants could result in a default under the indentures and/or the credit agreements.  If there were an event of default under the indentures and/or the credit agreements, holders of such defaulted debt could cause all amounts borrowed under these instruments to be due and payable immediately.  Additionally, if we fail to repay the debt under the Senior Credit Facility when it becomes due, the lenders under the Senior Credit Facility could proceed against certain of our assets and capital stock of our subsidiaries that we have pledged to them as security.  Our assets or cash flow may not be sufficient to repay borrowings under our outstanding debt instruments in the event of a default thereunder.

When our Senior Credit Facility and Senior Notes mature, we may not be able to refinance or replace one or both.

When our Senior Credit Facility and Senior Notes mature, we will likely need to refinance them and may not be able to do so on favorable terms or at all. In addition, if the 6.75% senior notes due 2021 are not refinanced prior to December 3, 2020, the full principal revolving credit facility included in the Senior Credit Facility will mature on that date. If we are able to refinance maturing indebtedness, the terms of any refinancing or alternate credit arrangements may contain terms and covenants that restrict our financial and operating flexibility.

Variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Our borrowings under our Senior Credit Facility are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable rate indebtedness could increase even though the amount borrowed remained the same, and our net income and cash flow could decrease.

In order to manage our exposure to interest rate risk, in the future, we may enter into derivative financial instruments, typically interest rate swaps and caps, involving the exchange of floating for fixed rate interest payments. If we are unable to enter into interest rate swaps, it may adversely affect our cash flow and may impact our ability to make required principal and interest payments on our indebtedness.

Any significant impairment of our indefinite-lived intangible assets would lead to a reduction in our net operating performance and a decrease in our assets.

We had $1.4 billion of indefinite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2018, consisting of goodwill of $855.8 million , cable certificates of $305.0 million , wireless licenses of $190.0 million and other intangibles of $16.5 million . However, these valuations are not final and the acquisition price allocation is preliminary and subject to revision. Goodwill represents the excess of cost over fair value of net assets acquired in connection with business acquisitions and represents the future economic benefits expected to arise from other intangible assets acquired that do not qualify for separate recognition. Our cable certificates represent agreements with government entities to construct and operate a video business.  Our wireless licenses are from the FCC and give us the right to provide wireless service within a certain geographical area. 

If we make changes in our business strategy or if market or other conditions adversely affect our operations, we may be forced to record an impairment charge, which would lead to a decrease in our assets and a reduction in our net operating performance.  Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested annually for impairment during the fourth quarter and at any time upon the occurrence of certain events or substantive changes in circumstances that indicate the assets might be impaired.  If the testing performed indicates that impairment has occurred, we are required to record an impairment charge for the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the goodwill and/or the indefinite-lived intangible assets, as appropriate, in the period in which the determination is made.  The testing of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment requires us to make significant estimates about our future performance and cash flows, as well as other assumptions.  These estimates can be affected by numerous factors, including changes in economic, industry or market conditions, changes in underlying business operations, future operating performance, changes in competition, or changes in technologies.  Any changes to key assumptions, or actual performance compared with those assumptions, about our business and its future prospects or other assumptions could affect the fair value, resulting in an impairment charge.

Due to certain market factors impacting GCI Holdings' operating results, impairment losses of $136 million and $65 million were recorded during the year ended December 31, 2018 related to goodwill and cable certificates, respectively, related to the GCI Holdings reporting unit. The fair value of the cable certificates and the GCI Holdings reporting unit was determined using an income approach (Level 3). As of December 31, 2018, accumulated goodwill impairment losses for GCI Holdings totaled $136 million .

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards to reduce future tax payments could be negatively impacted if there is an "ownership change" as defined under Section 382 of the Code.

At December 31, 2018, we had federal and state net operating losses and interest expense carryforwards of $153.9 million (on a tax effected basis) and, under the Code, we may carry forward these net operating losses in certain circumstances to offset any current and future taxable income and thus reduce our federal income tax liability, subject to certain requirements and restrictions. If we experience an "ownership change," as defined in Section 382 of the Code and related Treasury regulations at a time when our market capitalization is below a certain level, our ability to use the net operating loss carryforwards could be substantially limited. This limit could impact the timing of the usage of the net operating loss carryforwards, thus accelerating cash tax payments or causing net operating loss carryforwards to expire prior to their use, which could affect the ultimate realization of that deferred tax asset.

We have identified two material weaknesses in GCI Holdings' internal control over financial reporting, that, if not properly remediated, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As described in "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures," we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2018 due to the two material weaknesses at our wholly-owned subsidiary, GCI Holdings. The material weaknesses, at December 31, 2018, were identified at GCI Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary, as discussed below.

The control deficiencies did not result in any identified misstatements.

As further described in "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures," we and GCI Holdings have taken the necessary steps to remediate the material weakness, subsequent to the assessment date. However, as the reliability of the internal control process requires repeatable execution, the successful on-going remediation of these material weaknesses will require on-going training, monitoring and evidence of effectiveness prior to concluding that the controls are effective. Therefore, we cannot assure you that the remediation efforts will remain effective in the future or that additional or similar material weaknesses will not develop or be identified.

Implementing any further changes to GCI Holdings' internal controls may distract its officers and employees and entail material costs to implement new processes and/or modify its existing processes. Moreover, these changes do not guarantee that we will be effective in maintaining the adequacy of GCI Holdings' internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could harm our business. In addition, investors' perceptions that GCI Holdings' internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis may harm the price of our common stock.

Factors Relating to our Common Stock and the Securities Market

Our stock price may fluctuate significantly.

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly due to a number of factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including:

Although our Series B common stock is quoted on the OTC Markets, there is no meaningful trading market for the stock.

Our Series B common stock is not widely held, with approximately 90% of the outstanding shares as of January 31, 2019 beneficially owned by John C. Malone, the Chairman of the board and a director of our Company. Although it is quoted on the OTC Markets, it is sparsely traded and does not have an active trading market. The OTC Markets tend to be highly illiquid, in part, because there is no national quotation system by which potential investors can track the market price of shares except through information received or generated by a limited number of broker-dealers that make markets in particular stocks. There is also a greater chance of market volatility for securities that trade on the OTC Markets as opposed to a national exchange or quotation system. This volatility is due to a variety of factors, including a lack of readily available price quotations, lower trading volume, absence of consistent administrative supervision of "bid" and "ask" quotations, and market conditions. Each share of the Series B common stock is convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into one share of our Series A common stock, which is listed and traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "GLIBA."

It may be difficult for a third party to acquire our Company, even if doing so may be beneficial to our shareholders.

Certain provisions of our Company's restated certificate of incorporation ("restated charter") and bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our Company that a stockholder may consider favorable. These provisions

include the following:

In addition, John C. Malone currently beneficially owns shares representing the power to direct approximately 27.6% of the aggregate voting power in our Company, due to his beneficial ownership of approximately 90% of the outstanding shares of our Series B common stock as of January 31, 2019.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 2. Properties

GCI Liberty

In connection with the Transactions, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Media entered into a facilities sharing agreement with the Company, pursuant to which the Company shares office facilities with Liberty Media located at 12300 Liberty Boulevard, Englewood, Colorado 80112.

GCI Holdings

GCI Holdings' properties do not lend themselves to description by location of principal units.  The majority of GCI Holdings' properties are located in Alaska.  

GCI Holdings leases most of its executive, corporate and administrative facilities and business offices. GCI Holdings' operating, executive, corporate and administrative properties are in good condition. GCI Holdings considers its properties suitable and adequate for its present needs and they are being fully utilized.

GCI Holdings' properties consist primarily of undersea and terrestrial fiber optic cable networks, switching equipment, satellite transponders and earth stations, microwave radio, cable and wire facilities, cable head-end equipment, wireless towers and equipment, coaxial distribution networks, connecting lines (aerial, underground and buried cable), routers, servers, transportation equipment, computer equipment, general office equipment, land, land improvements, landing stations and other buildings.  See note 2 of the Company's consolidated financial statements found in Part II of this report for additional information on its properties. Substantial amounts of GCI Holdings' properties are located on or in leased real property or facilities.  Substantially all of GCI Holdings' properties secure the Senior Credit Facility.  See note 9 of the Company's consolidated financial statements found in Part II of this report for additional information on the Senior Credit Facility.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in various lawsuits, billing disputes, legal proceedings, and regulatory matters that have arisen from time to time in the normal course of business.  Management believes there are no proceedings from asserted and

unasserted claims which if determined adversely would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for the Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information for Common Stock

On April 4, 2017, Liberty Interactive Corporation, now known as Qurate Retail, Inc. ("Qurate Retail"), entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization with General Communication, Inc. ("GCI"), an Alaska corporation and parent company of GCI Holdings, LLC, and Liberty Interactive LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct wholly‑owned subsidiary of Qurate Retail. GCI's Class A common stock traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "GNCMA" and its Class B common stock was quoted on the OTC Markets under the symbol "GNCMB." Pursuant to the reorganization agreement, on February 20, 2018, GCI amended and restated its articles of incorporation, which resulted in GCI being renamed GCI Liberty, Inc. ("Predecessor GCI Liberty") and GCI's issued and outstanding shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock being reclassified into shares of Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A-1 common stock and Class B-1 common stock, respectively. Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A-1 common stock continued to be traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "GNCMA" and its Class B-1 common stock continued to be quoted on the OTC Markets under the symbol "GNCMB." Following these events, (i) Qurate Retail acquired Predecessor GCI Liberty on March 9, 2018 through a reorganization in which certain Qurate Retail interests, assets and liabilities attributed to its Ventures Group, were contributed to Predecessor GCI Liberty in exchange for shares of Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A-1 common stock and Class B-1 common stock and, following such contribution, (ii) Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A-1 common stock and Class B-1 common stock automatically converted into (x) a fraction of a share of Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A common stock equal to 0.63 and (y) a fraction of a share of the Predecessor GCI Liberty's Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock equal to 0.2, in each case, without any action by the holder thereof. Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class A common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "GLIBA" on March 12, 2018.

On May 10, 2018, Predecessor GCI Liberty changed its state of incorporation from Alaska to Delaware pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 22, 2018 (the "Reincorporation Merger Agreement"). Pursuant to the Reincorporation Merger Agreement, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Predecessor GCI Liberty merged into GCI Liberty and each outstanding share of Predecessor GCI Liberty Class A and Class B common stock was automatically converted into one share of GCI Liberty common stock. Following the reincorporation merger, shares of GCI Liberty Series A common stock continued to trade on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "GLIBA," and, since April 27, 2018, shares of GCI Liberty Series B common stock have been quoted on the OTC Markets under the symbol "GLIBB." Stock price information for securities traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market can be found on the Nasdaq's website at www.nasdaq.com.

Although the transactions discussed above resulted in changes to the classes and series of outstanding shares of GCI, Predecessor GCI Liberty and our company and related ticker symbol changes, historical information of GCI's Class B common stock and Predecessor GCI Liberty's Class B-1 common stock and Class B common stock refers to such stock as our Series B common stock. The following table sets forth the high and low sales price for our Series B common stock for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. There is no established public trading market for our Series B common stock, which is quoted on OTC Market. Such over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Holders

As of January 31, 2019, there were 1,592 holders of record of our Series A common stock and 58 holders of record of our Series B common stock. The foregoing numbers of record holders do not include the number of stockholders whose shares are held nominally by banks, brokerage houses or other institutions, but include each such institution as one shareholder.

Dividends

The Company has not paid any cash dividends on its common stock, and it has no present intention of so doing. Payment of cash dividends, if any, in the future will be determined by the Company's board of directors in light of its earnings, financial condition and other relevant considerations. See Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Liquidity and Capital Resources."

Stock Transfer Agent and Registrar

Broadridge is the Company's stock transfer agent and registrar.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2019.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

Share Repurchase Programs

On March 9, 2018, the board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for $650 million of GCI Liberty Class A and Class B common stock. On June 25, 2018, the board of directors of GCI Liberty reapproved such repurchase program with respect to GCI Liberty's Series A and Series B common stock. A summary of the repurchase activity for the three months ended December 31, 2018 is as follows:

There were no repurchases of GCI Liberty Series B common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2018.

113,040 shares of GCI Liberty Series A common stock and 25,304 shares of GCI Liberty Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock were surrendered by our officers and employees to pay withholding taxes and other deductions in connection with the vesting of their restricted stock and restricted stock units during the three months ended December 31, 2018.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following tables present selected historical information relating to financial condition and results of operations over the past five years. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified for comparability with the current year presentation. The following data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements.

(1) As of March 9, 2018, the Company's financial condition and results of operations include the activities of GCI Holdings, which are further described in notes 1 and 4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis provides information concerning our results of operations and financial condition. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto. Additionally, see note 2 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for an overview of new accounting standards that the Company has adopted or that it plans to adopt that have had or may have an impact on its financial statements.

Overview

On April 4, 2017, Liberty Interactive Corporation, now known as Qurate Retail, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Reorganization (as amended, the "reorganization agreement" and the transactions contemplated thereby, the "Transactions") with GCI, an Alaska corporation, and Liberty Interactive LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of Qurate Retail ("LI LLC"). Pursuant to the reorganization agreement, GCI amended and restated its articles of incorporation (which resulted in GCI being renamed GCI Liberty, Inc. ("GCI Liberty")) and effected a reclassification and auto conversion of its common stock. Following these events, Qurate Retail acquired GCI Liberty on March 9, 2018 through a reorganization in which certain Qurate Retail interests, assets and liabilities attributed to its Ventures Group (following the reattribution by Qurate Retail of certain assets and liabilities from its Ventures Group to its QVC Group) were contributed to GCI Liberty in exchange for a controlling interest in GCI Liberty (the "contribution"). Qurate Retail and LI LLC contributed to GCI Liberty their entire equity interests in Liberty Broadband Corporation ("Liberty Broadband"), Charter Communications, Inc. ("Charter"), and LendingTree, Inc. ("LendingTree"), the Evite, Inc. ("Evite") operating business and other assets and liabilities (collectively, "HoldCo"), in exchange for (a) the issuance to LI LLC of a number of shares of GCI Liberty Class A common stock and a number of shares of GCI Liberty Class B common stock equal to the number of outstanding shares of Qurate Retail's Series A Liberty Ventures common stock and Qurate Retail's Series B Liberty Ventures common stock on March 9, 2018, respectively, (b) cash and (c) the assumption of certain liabilities by GCI Liberty.

The contribution was treated as a reverse acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("GAAP"). For accounting purposes, HoldCo is considered to have acquired GCI Liberty in the contribution based, among other considerations, upon the fact that in exchange for the contribution of HoldCo, Qurate Retail received a controlling interest in the combined company of GCI Liberty.

Following the contribution and acquisition of GCI Liberty, Qurate Retail effected a tax free separation of its controlling interest in the combined company, GCI Liberty, to the holders of Qurate Retail's Liberty Ventures common stock in full redemption of all outstanding shares of such stock (the "HoldCo Split-Off"), in which each outstanding share of Qurate Retail's Series A Liberty Ventures common stock was redeemed for one share of GCI Liberty Class A common stock and each outstanding share of Qurate Retail's Series B Liberty Ventures common stock was redeemed for one share of GCI Liberty Class B common stock. In July 2018, the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") completed its review of the HoldCo Split-Off and informed Qurate Retail that it agreed with the nontaxable characterization of the transactions. Qurate Retail received an Issue Resolution Agreement from the IRS documenting this conclusion.

On May 10, 2018, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 22, 2018, GCI Liberty completed its reincorporation into Delaware by merging with its wholly owned Delaware subsidiary, which was the surviving corporation (the "Reincorporation Merger"). References to GCI Liberty or the Company prior to May 10, 2018 refer to GCI Liberty, Inc., an Alaska corporation and references to GCI Liberty after May 10, 2018 refer to GCI Liberty, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

We refer to the combination of GCI Holdings, LLC ("GCI Holdings"), non controlling interests in Liberty Broadband, Charter and LendingTree, a controlling interest in Evite, and certain other assets and liabilities as "GCI Liberty", the "Company", "us", "we" and "our." Although HoldCo was reported as a combined company until the date of the HoldCo Split-Off, the accompanying financial statements and the following discussion present all periods as consolidated by the Company.

Customer Billing Systems

On August 4, 2018, GCI Holdings transferred its customer billing systems for business and consumer voice, data, video, and wireless services to a new third-party billing system to better meet its needs. The new billing system has many benefits including a single invoice for customers, meaningful efficiencies for processing transactions, and the ability to accelerate the introduction of new products and promotions.

Update on Economic Conditions

GCI Holdings offers wireless and wireline telecommunication services, data services, video services, and managed services to customers primarily throughout Alaska. Because of this geographic concentration, growth of GCI Holdings' business and operations depends upon economic conditions in Alaska. The economy of Alaska is dependent upon the oil industry, state government spending, United States military spending, investment earnings and tourism. Prolonged periods of low oil prices adversely impacts the Alaska economy, which in turn can have an adverse impact on the demand for GCI Holdings' products and services and on its results of operations and financial condition.

Low oil prices have put significant pressure on the Alaska state government budget since the majority of its revenue comes from the oil industry. While the Alaska state government has significant reserves that GCI Holdings believes will help fund the state government for the next couple of years, major structural budgetary reforms will need to be implemented in order to offset the impact of low oil prices.

The Alaska economy is in a recession that started in late 2015. While it is difficult for GCI Holdings to predict the future impact of the continuing recession on its business, these conditions have had an adverse impact on its business and could continue to adversely affect the affordability of and demand for some of its products and services and cause customers to shift to lower priced products and services or to delay or forgo purchases of its products and services. Additionally, GCI Holdings' customers may not be able to obtain adequate access to credit, which could affect their ability to make timely payments to GCI Holdings. If that were to occur, GCI Holdings could be required to increase its allowance for doubtful accounts, and the number of days outstanding for its accounts receivable could increase. If the recession continues, it could continue to negatively affect GCI Holdings' business including its financial position, results of operations, or liquidity, as well as its ability to service debt, pay other obligations and enhance shareholder returns.

Rural Health Care ("RHC") Program

GCI Holdings receives support from various Universal Service Fund ("USF") programs including the RHC Program. The USF programs are subject to change by regulatory actions taken by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") or legislative actions. The following paragraphs describe certain separate matters related to the RHC Program that impact or could impact the revenue earned by the Company.

In November 2017, the Universal Service Administrative Company ("USAC") requested further information in support of the rural rates charged to a number of GCI Holdings' RHC customers in connection with the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. On October 10, 2018, GCI Holdings received a letter from the FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau ("Bureau") notifying it of the Bureau's decision to reduce the rural rates charged to RHC customers for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 by approximately 26% resulting in a reduction of total support payments of $27.8 million. The FCC also informed GCI Holdings that the same cost methodology used for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 would be applied to rates charged to RHC customers in subsequent funding years. In response to the letter from the Bureau, GCI Holdings filed an Application for Review of the Bureau's decision with the FCC. In the third quarter of 2018, GCI Holdings recorded a $19.1 million reduction in its receivables balance as part of its acquisition accounting and recorded a reduction in revenue in the current period for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018 of approximately $8.6 million. GCI Holdings expects to reduce future RHC program revenue by a similar rate as to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018, which based on a current run rate would approximate $7 million per quarter until it can reach a final resolution with the FCC regarding the funding amounts.

On March 15, 2018, USAC announced that the funding requests for the year that runs July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018 exceeded the funding available for the RHC Program. Since that time, on June 25, 2018, the FCC issued an order resulting in an increase of the annual RHC Program funding cap from $400 million to $571 million and applied it to the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. The FCC also determined that it would annually adjust the RHC Program funding cap for inflation, beginning with the funding year ending on June 30, 2019 and carry-forward unused funds from past funding years for use in future funding years. As a result, aggregate funding was available to pay in full the approved funding under the RHC program for the funding year ended on June 30, 2018.

In addition, on March 23, 2018, GCI Holdings received a separate letter of inquiry and request for information from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC, to which it is in the process of responding. This inquiry into the rates charged by GCI Holdings is still pending, and presently it is unable to assess the ultimate resolution of this matter. The ongoing uncertainty in program funding could have an adverse effect on its business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

On November 30, 2018, GCI Holdings received multiple funding denial notices from USAC, denying requested funding from the RHC Program operated by a rural health customer (the "Customer") for the funding year that ended on June 30, 2018. At the rates approved by the Bureau in a letter received on October 10, 2018, the funding at issue under the denials is approximately $13 million. In November 2017, USAC requested information from the Customer related to bidding process documentation for two separate service contracts GCI Holdings has with the Customer. Although the Customer timely responded, USAC found that bids previously received were not submitted with the original funding request and/or that bidding information submitted was related to the wrong bidding year. The Customer filed an appeal with USAC on January 29, 2019. At this time, GCI Holdings has no reason to believe that there was any violation of the FCC's competitive bidding rules, but without further information from the Customer and/or USAC, it cannot assess whether the USAC denials will be overturned. If the denial notices are upheld for reasons relating to the Customer's competitive bidding process, funding issued under one or both contracts for prior years could be subject to further review, as well as funding for services already being delivered or to be delivered for the period from July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019. GCI Holdings has accounts receivable of approximately $18 million outstanding as of December 31, 2018 associated with these two service contracts. The outstanding accounts receivable includes the approximate $13 million of funding at issue as discussed above and additional amounts for services provided for the period from July 1, 2018 through December 31, 2018. Given the uncertainty of whether the USAC denials will be overturned, it is reasonably possible that GCI Holdings may incur a loss. The amount of a potential loss could range from zero to the full amount of the accounts receivable balance as of December 31, 2018. No amount within this range of a potential loss is a better estimate than any other amount. Accordingly, no loss was recorded as of December 31, 2018 given the minimum amount in the range is zero.

In addition, on December 4, 2018, the FCC issued a public notice seeking further comment on an earlier proposal to determine the rural rates for services supported by the RHC Program in a different manner than it does today. GCI Holdings and others submitted comments on January 30, 2019, but GCI Holdings cannot assess at this time the substance, impact on funding, or timing of any future rule changes that may be adopted by the FCC.

Results of Operations - Consolidated

General.     We provide in the tables below information regarding our consolidated operating results and other income and expenses, as well as information regarding the contribution to those items from our reportable segments. The "Corporate and other" category consists of those assets or businesses which do not qualify as a separate reportable segment. For a more detailed discussion and analysis of the financial results of our principal reportable segment see "Results of Operations-GCI Holdings" below.

Operating Results

Revenue. Our consolidated revenue increased $715.9 million and $1.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year periods. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2018 is primarily due to an increase of $715.8 million at GCI Holdings as compared to the prior period as a result of the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018. See "Results of Operations-GCI Holdings, LLC" below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of GCI Holdings.

Operating Income (Loss). Our consolidated operating loss increased $194.4 million and $20.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year periods. The decrease in operating income for 2018 is primarily due to the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018 and its subsequent impairment of intangibles and long-lived assets (see note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more information) and associated depreciation and amortization as a result of purchase accounting. See "Results of Operations-GCI Holdings, LLC" below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of GCI Holdings.

Operating losses for corporate and other decreased $14.5 million and increased $20.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year periods. The decrease in 2018 is due to a decrease in costs associated with the Transactions partially offset by an increase in costs as a wholly owned subsidiary increased investment in its business and increased public company costs. The increase in 2017 is primarily due to costs related to the Transactions.

Stock-based compensation. Stock based compensation includes compensation related to restricted shares of GCI Liberty's common stock and preferred stock, restricted stock units with respect to GCI Liberty's common stock, and options to purchase shares of GCI Liberty's common stock granted to certain of the Company's directors, employees, and employees of its subsidiaries. We recorded $28.2 million, $26.6 million and $16.1 million of stock compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period is primarily due to the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018 partially offset by a decrease in one-time costs associated with an option exchange between HoldCo and certain of its officers. See "Results of Operations-GCI Holdings, LLC" below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of GCI Holdings. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the corresponding prior year period is primarily due to the option exchange that was discussed above. As of December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested options and restricted stock was approximately $9.4 million and $24.2 million , respectively. Such amounts will be recognized in the Company's consolidated statements of operations over a weighted average period of approximately 1.2 years and 2.0 years, respectively.

Adjusted OIBDA. The Company defines Adjusted OIBDA as revenue less cost of sales, operating expenses, and selling, general and administrative expenses (excluding stock based compensation). The Company believes this measure is an important indicator of the operational strength and performance of its businesses, including each business's ability to service debt and fund capital expenditures. In addition, this measure allows management, including the chief operating decision maker, to view operating results and perform analytical comparisons and benchmarking between businesses and identify strategies to improve performance. This measure of performance excludes depreciation and amortization, stock based compensation, separately reported litigation settlements and restructuring and impairment charges that are included in the measurement of operating income pursuant to GAAP. Accordingly, Adjusted OIBDA should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for, operating income, net income, cash flow provided by operating activities and other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See note 16 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for a reconciliation of Adjusted OIBDA to operating income (loss) and earnings (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes.

Consolidated Adjusted OIBDA increased $218.9 million and decreased $9.7 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year periods. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2018 is primarily due to the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018. See "Results of Operations-GCI Holdings, LLC" below for a more complete discussion of the results of operations of GCI Holdings. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2017 is primarily due to an increase in expenses at Corporate and other as a result of the Transactions.

Other Income and Expense

Interest Expense. Consolidated interest expense increased $119.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period primarily due to the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018 and the $1.0 billion margin loan. The Company issued exchangeable senior debentures on June 18, 2018 that is expected to result in increased interest expense in future periods.

Share of earnings (losses) of affiliates, net. Share of earnings (losses) of affiliates, net increased $18.8 million and decreased $4.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to the corresponding prior year periods. The increase in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period is due to increases in LendingTree's results. The decrease in the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the corresponding prior year period is due to decreases in LendingTree's results.

The changes in these accounts are primarily due to market factors and changes in the fair value of the underlying stocks or financial instruments to which they are related. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period was primarily driven by a decrease in the market value of our investments in Liberty Broadband and Charter. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2017 as compared to the corresponding prior year period was primarily driven by less growth in the market value of our investments in Liberty Broadband and Charter than the prior period.

Tax sharing agreement. The Company had a loss of $32.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 for a tax sharing agreement, which provides for the allocation and indemnification of tax liabilities and benefits between Qurate Retail and GCI Liberty (see note 1 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more information).

Income taxes. The Company had an income tax benefit of $183.3 million and $133.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and income tax expense of $496.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2016. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the income tax benefit was lower than the U.S. statutory tax rate of 21% primarily due to a change in the effective tax rate used to measure deferred taxes due to the acquisition as discussed in notes 1 and 4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements and a goodwill impairment that is not deductible for tax purposes, partially offset by a change in the state effective tax rate used to measure deferred taxes resulting from a state law change.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, the most significant reconciling item is a net tax benefit for the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% on deferred taxes. Income tax expense was higher than the U.S. statutory tax rate of 35% in 2016 due to state expense related to unrealized gains on the Company's investments.

Net earnings (loss). The Company had a net loss of $873.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 and net earnings of $724.6 million and $820.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively. The change in net earnings was the result of the above-described fluctuations in our revenue, expenses, and other income and expenses.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2018, substantially all of our cash and cash equivalents were invested in U.S. Treasury securities, other government agencies, AAA rated money market funds and other highly rated financial and corporate debt instruments.

The following are potential sources of liquidity: available cash balances, proceeds from asset sales, monetization of our investments, outstanding or anticipated debt facilities, and debt and equity issuances. To the extent that the Company recognizes any taxable gains from the sale of assets, the Company may incur tax expense and be required to make tax payments, thereby reducing any cash proceeds. As of December 31, 2018, GCI, LLC exceeded the maximum leverage threshold, as measured by the terms of its Senior Notes (as defined below), and therefore does not have access to any additional funding under the revolving portion of the Senior Credit Facility. See note 9 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for additional information on its Senior Credit Facility. We believe we have sufficient cash from operating activities and cash on hand to fund our business.

As of December 31, 2018, the Company had a cash and cash equivalents balance of $491.3 million of which $170.7 million is held by the Company's subsidiaries.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company's primary uses of cash included a $1.1 billion distribution to its former parent in connection with the Transactions, $254.0 million in repayments of debt, a $132.7 million indemnification payment to Qurate Retail, $111.6 million in repurchases of GCI Liberty Series A common stock, and a $80.0 million derivative payment in connection with the Transactions. The Company's primary sources of cash included cash from operations, borrowing $1.5 billion under the Company's margin loan and exchangeable senior debentures, and cash from the acquisition of GCI Holdings on March 9, 2018.

Net cash used for investing activities consists primarily of cash paid for capital expenditures and investments. Our significant recurring investing activity has been GCI Holdings' capital expenditures and the purchase of investments. We expect that this will continue in the future.  A significant portion of our capital expenditures are based on the level of GCI Holdings' customer growth and the technology being deployed. Purchases of investments are based on what we believe are good opportunities for growth.

Proceeds from borrowings fluctuate from year to year based on our liquidity needs. We may use excess cash to make optional repayments on our debt or repurchase our common stock depending on various factors, such as market conditions.

The projected uses of the Company's cash are capital expenditures of approximately $165 million , approximately $135 million for interest payments on outstanding debt, approximately $13 million for preferred stock dividends, repurchases of GCI Liberty Series A common stock, and potential additional investments in existing or new businesses.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Obligations

We have contingent liabilities related to legal and tax proceedings and other matters arising in the ordinary course of business.  Although it is reasonably possible we may incur losses upon conclusion of such matters, an estimate of any loss or range of loss cannot be made.  In the opinion of management, it is expected that amounts, if any, which may be required to satisfy such contingencies will not be material in relation to the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Information concerning the amount and timing of required payments, both accrued and off-balance sheet, under our contractual obligations, is summarized below.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of our financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Listed below are the accounting estimates that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability, revenue or expense being reported.  All of these accounting estimates and assumptions, as well as the resulting impact to our financial statements, have been discussed with the audit committee of our board of directors.

Fair Value of Non-Financial Instruments.     Our non-financial instrument valuations are primarily comprised of our determination of the estimated fair value allocation of net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in business combinations, our annual assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill and other nonamortizable intangibles, and our evaluation of the recoverability of our other long-lived assets upon certain triggering events.

The Company periodically reviews the carrying value of its intangible assets with definite lives and other long-lived assets to be used in operations whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets or asset groups might not be recoverable. Factors that would necessitate an impairment assessment include a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which an asset is used, a significant adverse change in legal factors or the business climate that could affect the value of the asset group, or a significant decline in the observable market value of an asset group, among others. If such facts indicate a potential impairment, the recoverability of the asset group is assessed by determining whether the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the sum of the projected undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset group over the remaining economic life of the asset group. If the carrying amount of the asset group is greater than the expected undiscounted cash flows to be generated by such asset group, including its ultimate disposition, an impairment adjustment is recognized.

If the carrying value of our intangible or long-lived assets exceeds their estimated fair value, we are required to write the carrying value down to fair value. Any such write down is included in impairment expense in our consolidated statement of operations. A high degree of judgment is required to estimate the fair value of our intangible and long-lived assets. We may use quoted market prices, prices for similar assets, present value techniques and other valuation techniques to prepare these estimates. We may need to make estimates of future cash flows and discount rates as well as other assumptions in order to implement these valuation techniques. Due to the high degree of judgment involved in our estimation techniques, any value ultimately derived from our intangible or long-lived assets may differ from our estimate of fair value.

We utilize the cost approach as the primary method used to establish fair value for our property and equipment in connection with business combinations.  The cost approach considers the amount required to replace an asset by constructing or purchasing a new asset with similar utility, then adjusts the value in consideration of physical depreciation and functional and technological obsolescence as of the appraisal date. The cost approach relies on management's assumptions regarding current

material and labor costs required to rebuild and repurchase significant components of our property and equipment along with assumptions regarding the age and estimated useful lives of our property and equipment.

The accounting guidance permits entities to first perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If the qualitative assessment supports that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of the Company's indefinite-lived intangible assets, other than goodwill, exceeds its fair value, then a quantitative assessment is performed. At December 31, 2018,  the Company determined that it was necessary to perform a quantitative impairment assessment of its cable certificates and wireless licenses. An impairment was recorded in the amount of $65 million (see note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements).

We utilize an income approach as the primary method used to establish fair value for our customer relationships, cable certificates, and wireless licenses in connection with business combinations. The income approach quantifies the expected earnings of our customer relationships, cable certificates, and wireless licenses by isolating the after tax cash flows attributable to the respective asset and then discounting the cash flows to their present value. The income approach relies on management's assumptions such as projected revenue, market penetration, expenses, capital expenditures, customer trends, and a discount rate applied to the estimated after tax cash flows.

We perform our annual assessment of the recoverability of our goodwill in the fourth quarter each year. The Company utilizes a qualitative assessment for determining whether the quantitative goodwill impairment analysis is necessary. The accounting guidance permits entities to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as a basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test. In evaluating goodwill on a qualitative basis, the Company reviews the business performance of each reporting unit and evaluates other relevant factors as identified in the relevant accounting guidance to determine whether it is more likely than not that an indicated impairment exists for any of our reporting units. The Company considers whether there are any negative macroeconomic conditions, industry specific conditions, market changes, increased competition, increased costs in doing business, management challenges, legal environments and how these factors might impact company specific performance in future periods. As part of the analysis, the Company also considers fair value determinations for certain reporting units that have been made at various points throughout the current and prior year for other purposes. At December 31, 2018,  the Company determined that it was necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment for the GCI Holdings reporting unit.  An impairment was recorded in the amount of $136 million (see note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements).  Due to this impairment, the carrying value of the GCI Holdings reporting unit approximates fair value as of December 31, 2018.

The fair value of goodwill is determined using an income approach. The Company's income approach model used for its goodwill valuation is consistent with that used for the cable certificates except that cash flows from the entire business enterprise are used for the goodwill valuation.

Income Taxes.      We are required to estimate the amount of tax payable or refundable for the current year and the deferred income tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been reflected in our financial statements or tax returns for each taxing jurisdiction in which we operate. This process requires our management to make judgments regarding the timing and probability of the ultimate tax impact of the various agreements and transactions that we enter into. Based on these judgments we may record tax reserves or adjustments to valuation allowances on deferred tax assets to reflect the expected realizability of future tax benefits. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law, significant changes in the jurisdictions in which we operate, our inability to generate sufficient future taxable income or unpredicted results from the final determination of each year's liability by taxing authorities. These changes could have a significant impact on our financial position.

Results of Operations - GCI Holdings, LLC

GCI Holdings provides a full range of wireless, data, video, voice, and managed services to residential, businesses, governmental entities, and educational and medical institutions primarily in Alaska. We have seen a general decrease in subscriber metrics primarily due to the recession in Alaska as discussed in the Overview section. The following table highlights selected key performance indicators used in evaluating GCI Holdings.

As described in notes 1 and 4 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements, for accounting purposes, HoldCo is considered to have acquired GCI Liberty in the contribution. Although GCI Holdings' results are only included in the Company's results beginning on March 9, 2018, we believe a discussion of GCI Holdings' results for all periods presented promotes a better understanding of the overall results of its business. For comparison and discussion purposes we are presenting the pro forma results of GCI Holdings for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, inclusive of acquisition accounting adjustments. The pro forma financial information was prepared based on the historical financial information of GCI Holdings and assuming the acquisition of GCI Holdings took place on January 1, 2017. The acquisition price allocation related to the GCI Holdings business combination is preliminary. Accordingly, the pro forma adjustments are based on the preliminary acquisition price allocation and have been made solely for the purpose of providing comparative pro forma financial information. We have made pro forma adjustments to the results for the year ended December 31, 2017 for the impact of the new revenue standard (as described in note 2) to assist in the comparability of the year ended December 31, 2018. We have made pro forma adjustments to the results for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 to reflect the impact of the FCC's decision in regards to RHC funding as described above in the Overview section. The financial information below is presented for illustrative purposes only and does not purport to represent what the results of operations of GCI Holdings would actually have been had the business combination occurred on January 1, 2017, or to project the results of operations of GCI Holdings for any future periods. The pro forma adjustments are based on available information and certain assumptions that the Company's management believes are reasonable. The pro forma adjustments are directly attributable to the business combination including adjustments related to the amortization of acquired tangible and intangible assets, stock-based compensation, and the exclusion of transaction related costs; RHC funding as described above; and the new revenue standard and are expected to have a continuing impact on the results of operations of GCI Holdings.

GCI Holdings' pro forma operating results were as follows:

Pro forma revenue

Pro forma consumer wireless revenue decreased $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease was partially due to a $4.2 million decrease in wireless plan fee revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, which was primarily driven by a decrease in the number of subscribers and the forgiveness of a month of service for our wireless customers due to the implementation of the new billing system. During the third quarter of 2018, we converted to a new third-party billing system. The billing system implementation included a transition of wireless customers from billing in arrears to billing in advance. To ease the transition for our customers, we chose to forgive one month of service for those customers who would have otherwise received an invoice for two months of service. Additionally, there was a decrease of $2.2 million in USF high cost support ("High Cost Support") for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period due to a scheduled decrease in cash received for High Cost Support for urban areas. As previously disclosed, High Cost Support for urban areas ends as of December 31, 2018. We expect High Cost Support to decrease by $4.1 million in 2019 as compared to 2018 due to the end of High Cost Support provided for certain urban areas previously included. The decreases discussed above were partially offset by a $5.1 million increase in wireless equipment revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, which was primarily driven by an increase in the number of higher priced wireless devices sold.

Pro forma c onsumer data revenue increased $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in prices for lower tier cable modem plans, which has led to subscribers moving to plans with higher recurring monthly charges that offer higher speeds and higher usage limits.

Pro forma c onsumer video revenue decreased $10.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to a 8.3% decrease in the number of subscribers.

Pro forma consumer voice revenue decreased $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to a decrease in High Cost Support due to a scheduled decrease in funding for urban areas.

Pro forma business wireless revenue decreased $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease is due to wholesale customers moving backhaul circuits off our network and a reduction of roaming traffic due to a wholesale customer's construction of its own facilities.

Pro forma business data revenue decreased $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease was primarily due to a $7.3 million decrease in data and transport service revenue due to the reduction from the RHC Program as discussed above in the Overview section and a $4.3 million decrease in professional services revenue due to a decrease in special project work.

Pro forma business video revenue increased $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period primarily due to an increase in political advertising revenue partially offset by a decrease in video plan fee revenue due to a decrease in business video subscribers.

Pro forma business voice revenue decreased $4.7 million year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease is primarily due to a $2.1 million decrease in long distance revenue as a result of decreased long distance traffic and rate compression and a $2.6 million decrease in local voice revenue due to a decrease in the number of business access lines in service.

Pro forma Operating expenses decreased $17.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to a $3.9 million decrease in video distribution and programming costs primarily due to a decrease in the number of video subscribers; a $5.1 million decrease in wireless costs due to a decrease in wireless distribution costs driven by construction of facilities that allowed us to move traffic to our network; a $3.1 million decrease in professional services expense due to a decrease in special project work; and a $2.7 million decrease in voice costs due to the decrease in long distance traffic and a reduction of local access lines in service.

Pro forma Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, as compared to the corresponding prior year period primarily due to a $4.0 million write-off of costs associated with an abandoned project, a $3.3 million increase in labor costs driven by severance payments to employees who were laid off and annual merit increases, and a $3.3 million increase in software contracts due to additional work as part of the billing system implementation.

Pro forma Stock based compensation decreased $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period due to awards for which, based on purchase accounting, amortization was completely recognized during 2017.

Pro forma Impairment of intangibles and long-lived assets increased $207.9 million primarily due to the impairment of goodwill and cable certificates as a result of unanticipated program revenue changes and certain other market factors impacting GCI Holdings' operating results.

Pro forma Depreciation and amortization increased $1.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The increase was primarily due to new assets placed in service since March 9, 2018, which was partially offset due to lower amortization expense because of an accelerated recognition pattern for amortizing intangibles.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

The Company is exposed to market risk in the normal course of business due to its ongoing investing and financial activities. Market risk refers to the risk of loss arising from adverse changes in stock prices and interest rates. The risk of loss can be assessed from the perspective of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows and future earnings. The Company has established policies, procedures and internal processes governing our management of market risks and the use of financial instruments to manage its exposure to such risks.

The Company is exposed to changes in interest rates primarily as a result of its borrowing and investment activities, which include investments in fixed and floating rate debt instruments and borrowings used to maintain liquidity and to fund business operations. The nature and amount of its long-term and short-term debt are expected to vary as a result of future requirements, market conditions and other factors. The Company manages its exposure to interest rates by maintaining what it believes is an appropriate mix of fixed and variable rate debt. The Company believes this best protects it from interest rate risk. The Company has achieved this mix by (i) issuing fixed rate debt that it believes has a low stated interest rate and significant term to maturity, (ii) issuing variable rate debt with appropriate maturities and interest rates and (iii) entering into interest rate swap arrangements when it deems appropriate. As of December 31, 2018, the Company's debt is comprised of the following amounts:

The Company is exposed to changes in stock prices primarily as a result of its significant holdings in publicly traded securities. The Company continually monitors changes in stock markets, in general, and changes in the stock prices of its holdings, specifically. The Company believes that changes in stock prices can be expected to vary as a result of general market conditions, technological changes, specific industry changes and other factors. The Company periodically uses equity collars and other financial instruments to manage market risk associated with certain investment positions. These instruments are recorded at fair value based on option pricing models.

At December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company's equity securities was $1.5 billion . Had the market price of such securities been 10% lower at December 31, 2018, the aggregate value of such securities would have been $153 million lower. At December 31, 2018, the fair value of the Company's investment in Liberty Broadband was $3.1 billion . Had the market price of such security been 10% lower at December 31, 2018, the fair value of such security would have been $307 million lower.

Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In accordance with Exchange Act Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including its chief executive officer and its principal accounting and financial officer (the "Executives"), of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Executives concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of December 31, 2018 because of two material weaknesses in its internal control over financial reporting that are described below in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting."

However, giving full consideration to the two material weaknesses, the Company's management has concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K present fairly, in all material respects, the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods disclosed in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). KPMG LLP has issued its report dated February 28, 2019, which expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

In March 2018, the Company completed the Transactions, pursuant to which the contribution was treated as a reverse acquisition under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with GAAP. The Transactions resulted in changes to the management of the Company. As a result, management made significant enhancements to internal controls over financial reporting, especially to the information technology general controls ("ITGC") as management shifted from a highly manual control environment to more reliance on ITGCs.

Except for certain of the remediation activities described below, and changes that resulted from the Transactions, there was no change in the Company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company's quarter ended December 31, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Remediation Plan for Material Weaknesses in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

In response to the two material weaknesses identified in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting," the Company, with oversight from the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, has developed a plan to remediate the material weaknesses at GCI Holdings. The remediation actions included the following:

The Company believes the foregoing efforts remediated the two material weaknesses described in "Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting" after the assessment date and prior to the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, because the reliability of the internal control process requires repeatable execution, the successful on-going remediation of these material weaknesses will require on-going training, monitoring, and evidence of effectiveness prior to concluding that the controls are effective.

Additionally, the Company and GCI Holdings intend to continue to monitor information system access and the assessment of process level risks to determine whether additional adjustments should be made to ensure controls are effective in the future.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

MANAGEMENT'S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of the Company is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over the Company's financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. The Company's internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, using the criteria in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) , issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company's internal control over financial reporting is not effective due to the two material weaknesses described below.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Based on management's evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, two material weaknesses were identified as described below at GCI Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary.

As part of the control environment improvements disclosed in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended June 30, 2018 and September 30, 2018, there was an emphasis on improving the strength of the Company's ITGCs. In several cases, the strengthened controls were not fully operational until the fourth quarter of 2018. Due to the newness of the controls and personnel constraints and due to the control operators' dedication to supporting the launch of GCI Holdings' new billing and payroll systems, several of the improved access controls were not consistently executed in the fourth quarter of 2018.

The control deficiencies did not result in any identified misstatements.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

GCI Liberty, Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited GCI Liberty, Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, because of the effect of the material weaknesses, described below, on the achievement of the objectives of the control criteria, the Company has not maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 28, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company's annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesses have been identified and included in management's assessment:

The material weaknesses were considered in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2018 consolidated financial statements, and this report does not affect our report on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Denver, Colorado

February 28, 2019

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

GCI Liberty, Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of GCI Liberty, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive earnings (loss), cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2019 expressed an adverse opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2017.

Denver, Colorado

February 28, 2019