_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

For the fiscal year ended October 31, 2017

or

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-00566

_________________________________________________

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

_________________________________________________

Registrant's telephone number, including area code 740-549-6000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

_________________________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   Yes   x     No   o

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.    Yes  o No   x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   x     No   o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes   x     No   o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant's knowledge, in the definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange).    Yes   o     No   x

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the Registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter was as follows:

Non-voting common equity (Class A Common Stock) – $1,465,214,314

Voting common equity (Class B Common Stock) – $361,903,339

The number of shares outstanding of each of the Registrant's classes of common stock, as of December 14, 2017, was as follows:

Class A Common Stock – 25,835,281

Class B Common Stock – 22,007,725

Listed hereunder are the documents, portions of which are incorporated by reference, and the parts of this Form 10-K into which such portions are incorporated:

1. The Registrant's Definitive Proxy Statement for use in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on February 27, 2018 (the "2018 Proxy Statement"), portions of which are incorporated by reference into Parts II and III of this Form 10-K. The 2018 Proxy Statement will be filed within 120 days of October 31, 2017 .

IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K of Greif, Inc. and subsidiaries (this "Form 10-K") or incorporated herein, including, without limitation, statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, goals and plans and objectives of management for future operations and initiatives, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as "may," "will," "expect," "intend," "estimate," "anticipate," "aspiration," "objective," "project," "believe," "continue," "on track" or "target" or the negative thereof or variations thereon or similar terminology. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are based on information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements were made. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements have a reasonable basis, we can give no assurance that these expectations will prove to be correct. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual events or results to differ materially from those expressed in or implied by the statements. For a discussion of the most significant risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected, see "Risk Factors" in Item 1A of this Form 10-K. The risks described in this Form 10-K are not all inclusive, and given these and other possible risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. All forward-looking statements made in this Form 10-K are expressly qualified in their entirety by reference to such risk factors. Except to the limited extent required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Index to Form 10-K Annual Report for the Year ended October 31, 2017

PART I

ITEM  1. BUSINESS

(a) General Development of Business

We are a leading global producer of industrial packaging products and services with operations in ove r 40 c ountries. We offer a comprehensive line of rigid industrial packaging products, such as steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We produce containerboard and corrugated products for niche markets in North America. We are also a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers. We sell timber to third parties from our timberland in the southeastern United States that we manage to maximize long-term value. In addition, we sell, from time to time, timberland and special use land, which consists of surplus land, higher and better use ("HBU") land, and development land. Our customers range from Fortune 500 companies to medium and small-sized companies in a cross section of industries.

We were founded in 1877 in Cleveland, Ohio, as "Vanderwyst and Greif," a cooperage shop co-founded by one of four Greif brothers. One year after our founding, the other three Greif brothers were invited to join the business, renamed Greif Bros. Company, making wooden barrels, casks and kegs to transport post-Civil War goods nationally and internationally. We later purchased nearly 300,000 acres of timberland to provide raw materials for our cooperage plants. We still own significant timber properties located in the southeastern United States. In 1926, we incorporated as a Delaware corporation and made a public offering as The Greif Bros. Cooperage Corporation. In 1951, we moved our headquarters from Cleveland, Ohio to Delaware, Ohio, which is in the Columbus metro-area, where our corporate headquarters are currently located. Since the latter half of the 1900s, we have transitioned from our keg and barrel heading mills, stave mills and cooperage facilities to a global producer of industrial packaging products. Following our acquisition of Van Leer Packaging in 2001, a global steel and plastic drum manufacturer, we changed our name to Greif, Inc.

Our fiscal year begins on November 1 and ends on October 31 of the following year. Any references in this Form 10-K to the years 2017 , 2016 or 2015 , or to any quarter of those years, relate to the fiscal year ended in that year.

As used in this Form 10-K, the terms "Greif," "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

(b) Financial Information about Segments

We operate in eight business segments, which are aggregated into four reportable business segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services; Paper Packaging & Services; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management. Information related to each of these segments is included in Note 17 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

(c) Narrative Description of Business

Products and Services

In the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, we are a leading global producer of rigid industrial packaging products, including steel, fibre and plastic drums, rigid intermediate bulk containers, closure systems for industrial packaging products, transit protection products, water bottles and remanufactured and reconditioned industrial containers, and services, such as container life cycle management, filling, logistics, warehousing and other packaging services. We sell our rigid industrial packaging products to customers in industries such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical and mineral products, among others.

In the Paper Packaging & Services segment, we sell containerboard, corrugated sheets, corrugated containers and other corrugated products to customers in North America in industries such as packaging, automotive, food and building products. Our corrugated container products are used to ship such diverse products as home appliances, small machinery, grocery products, automotive components, books and furniture, as well as numerous other applications.

In the Flexible Products & Services segment, we are a leading global producer of flexible intermediate bulk containers and related services. Our flexible intermediate bulk containers consist of a polypropylene-based woven fabric that is produced at our production sites, as well as sourced from strategic regional suppliers. Our flexible products are sold globally and service customers and market segments similar to those of our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Additionally, our flexible products significantly expand our presence in the agricultural and food industries, among others.

In the Land Management segment, we are focused on the active harvesting and regeneration of our United States timber properties to achieve sustainable long-term yields. While timber sales are subject to fluctuations, we seek to maintain a consistent cutting schedule, within the limits of market and weather conditions. We also sell, from time to time, timberland and special use land, which consists of surplus land, HBU land and development land. As of October 31, 2017 , we owned approximately 245,000 acres of timber property in the southeastern United States.

Customers

Due to the variety of our products, we have many customers buying different types of our products and due to the scope of our sales, no one customer is considered principal in our total operations.

Backlog

We supply a cross-section of industries, such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical, mineral, packaging, automotive and building products, and must make spot deliveries on a day-to-day basis as our products are required by our customers. We do not operate on a backlog to any significant extent and maintain only limited levels of finished goods. Many customers place their orders weekly for delivery during the week.

Competition

The markets in which we sell our products are highly competitive with many participants. Although no single company dominates, we face significant competitors in each of our businesses. Our competitors include large vertically integrated companies as well as numerous smaller companies. The industries in which we compete are particularly sensitive to price fluctuations caused by shifts in industry capacity and other cyclical industry conditions. Other competitive factors include design, quality and service, with varying emphasis depending on product line.

In both the rigid industrial packaging industry and the flexible products industry, we compete by offering a comprehensive line of products on a global basis. In the paper packaging industry, we compete by concentrating on providing value-added, higher-margin corrugated products to niche markets. In addition, over the past several years we have closed higher cost facilities and otherwise restructured our operations, which we believe have significantly improved our cost competitiveness.

Compliance with Governmental Regulations Concerning Environmental Matters

Our operations are subject to extensive federal, state, local and international laws, regulations, rules and ordinances relating to pollution, the protection of the environment, the generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and waste materials and numerous other environmental laws and regulations. In the ordinary course of business, we are subject to periodic environmental inspections and monitoring by various governmental agencies. In addition, certain of our production facilities require environmental permits that are subject to revocation, modification and renewal. As of the date of filing this Form 10-K, and based on current information, we believe that the probable costs of the remediation of company-owned property will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. We believe that we have adequately reserved for our liability for these matters as of October 31, 2017 .

We do not believe that compliance with federal, state, local and international provisions, which have been enacted or adopted regulating the discharge of materials into the environment, or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment, has had or will have a material adverse effect upon our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. We do not anticipate any material capital expenditures related to environmental control in 2018 . However, during 2017, three reconditioning facilities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area that are owned by Container Life Cycle Management LLC ("CLCM"), our U.S. reconditioning joint venture company, have been subject to investigations and proceedings conducted by federal, state and local governmental agencies concerning, among other matters, potential violations of environmental laws and regulations. We have cooperated with the governmental agencies in these investigations and proceedings. As of the filing date of this Form 10-K, no citations have been issued or fines assessed with respect to any of these proceedings. As a result of these investigations and proceedings, we will review all options for future actions at these facilities, including changes to existing reconditioning operations, installation of control technology, other capital expenditures, and facility relocation or closure. While not expected to be material, the cost of any of these actions could be sizeable. See Item 3 of this Form 10-K for information concerning these investigations and proceedings.

Refer also to Note 13 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information concerning environmental expenses and cash expenditures for the periods ended October 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , and our reserves for environmental liabilities as of October 31, 2017 .

Raw Materials

Steel, resin and containerboard, as well as used industrial packaging for reconditioning, are the principal raw materials for the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, resin is the primary raw material for the Flexible Products & Services segment, and pulpwood, old corrugated containers for recycling and containerboard are the principal raw materials for the Paper Packaging & Services segment. We satisfy most of our needs for these raw materials through purchases on the open market or under short-term and long-term supply agreements. All of these raw materials are purchased in highly competitive, price-sensitive markets, which have historically exhibited price, demand and supply cyclicality. From time to time, some of these raw materials have been in short supply at certain of our manufacturing facilities. In those situations, we ship the raw materials in short supply from one or more of our other facilities with sufficient supply to the facility or facilities experiencing the shortage. To date, raw material shortages have not had a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Research and Development

While research and development projects are important to our continued growth, the amount expended in any year is not material in relation to our results of operations.

Other

Our businesses are not materially dependent upon patents, trademarks, licenses or franchises.

No material portion of our businesses is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of a governmental agency or authority.

The businesses of our segments are not seasonal to any material extent, although the businesses of some of our customers who are in the agricultural industries and purchase our rigid industrial packaging products and flexible products may be seasonal in nature.

Employees

As of October 31, 2017 , we had approximately 13,000 full time employees. A significant number of our full time employees are covered under collective bargaining agreements. We believe that our employee relations are generally good.

(d) Financial Information about Geographic Areas

Our operations are located in North and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa and the Asia Pacific regions. Information related to our geographic areas of operation is included in Note 17 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Refer to Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, included in Item 7A of this Form 10-K.

(e) Available Information

We maintain a website at www.greif.com. We file reports with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and make available, free of charge, on or through our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy and information statements and amendments to these reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we have electronically filed such material with, or furnished it to, the SEC.

Any of the materials we file with the SEC may also be read and/or copied at the SEC's Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, DC 20549. Information on the operation of the SEC's Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.

(f) Other Matters

Our common equity securities are listed on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") under the symbols GEF and GEF.B. Our Chief Executive Officer has timely certified to the NYSE that, at the date of the certification, he was unaware of any violation by our Company of the NYSE's corporate governance listing standards. In addition, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have provided certain certifications in this Form 10-K regarding the quality of our public disclosures. Refer to Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 to this Form 10-K.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Statements contained in this Form 10-K may be "forward-looking" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause our operating results to differ materially from those projected. The following factors, among others, in some cases have affected, and in the future could affect, our actual financial or operational performance, or both.

Historically, our Business has been Sensitive to Changes in General Economic or Business Conditions.

Our customers generally consist of other manufacturers and suppliers who purchase industrial packaging products and containerboard and related corrugated products for their own containment and shipping purposes. Because we supply a cross section of industries, such as chemicals, paints and pigments, food and beverage, petroleum, industrial coatings, agricultural, pharmaceutical, mineral products, packaging, automotive, and building products industries, and have operations in many countries, demand for our products and services has historically corresponded to changes in general economic and business conditions of the industries and countries in which we operate. The overall demand and prices for our products and services could decline as a result of a large number of factors outside our control, including economic recessions, changes in industrial production processes or consumer preference, changes in laws and regulations, inflation, changes in published pricing indices, fluctuations in interest and currency exchange rates and changes in the fiscal or monetary policies of governments in the regions in which we operate. Accordingly, our financial performance is substantially dependent upon the general economic and business conditions existing in these industries and countries, and any prolonged or substantial economic downturn in the markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not Successfully Implement our Business Strategies, Including Achieving our Growth Objectives.

We may not be able to fully implement our business strategies or realize, in whole or in part within the expected time frames, the anticipated benefits of our growth and other initiatives. Our various business strategies and initiatives are subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control.

In addition, we may incur certain costs to achieve efficiency improvements and growth in our business and we may not meet anticipated implementation timetables or stay within budgeted costs. As these growth initiatives are undertaken, we may not fully achieve our expected cost savings and efficiency improvements or growth rates, or these initiatives could adversely impact our customer retention or our operations. Also, our business strategies may change from time to time in light of our ability to implement our new business initiatives, competitive pressures, economic uncertainties or developments, or other factors. A variety of risks could cause us not to realize some or all of the expected benefits of these initiatives. These risks include, among others, delays in the anticipated timing of activities related to such initiatives, strategies and operating plans; increased difficulty and costs in implementing these efforts; and the incurrence of other unexpected costs associated with operating the business. As a result, there can be no assurance that we will realize these benefits. If, for any reason, the benefits we realize are less than our estimates or the implementation of these growth initiatives and business strategies adversely affect our operations or cost more or take longer to effectuate than we expect, or if our assumptions prove inaccurate, our results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Our Operations Subject us to Currency Exchange and Political Risks that Could Adversely Affect our Results of Operations.

We have operations in over 40 countries. Management of global operations is extremely complex, and operations outside the United States are subject to additional risks that may not exist, or be as significant, in the United States. As a result of our global operations, we are subject to certain risks that could disrupt our operations or force us to incur unanticipated costs.

We also have indebtedness, agreements to purchase raw materials and agreements to sell finished products that are denominated in Euros, Turkish Lira, Russian Rubles and other currencies. Our operating performance is affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates by:

We are subject to various other risks associated with operating in countries outside the U.S., such as the following:

The Current and Future Challenging Global Economy and Disruption and Volatility of the Financial and Credit Markets may Adversely Affect our Business.

The current global economic conditions are challenging to our global business operations. Such conditions have had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our financial results. Future economic downturns, either in the United States, Europe or in other regions in which we do business could negatively affect our business and results of operations. The volatility of the current economic climate, especially in relation to ongoing uncertainties related to geopolitical events around the world, makes it difficult for us to predict the complete impact of the forgoing matters on our business and results of operations. Due to these current and future economic conditions, our customers may face financial difficulties, the unavailability of or reduction in commercial credit, or both, that may result in decreased sales by and revenues to our company. Certain of our customers may cease operations or seek bankruptcy protection, which would reduce our cash flows and adversely impact our results of operations. Our customers that are financially viable and not experiencing economic distress may nevertheless elect to reduce the volume of orders for our products or close facilities in an effort to remain financially stable or as a result of the unavailability of commercial credit which would negatively affect our results of operations. We may experience difficulties in servicing, renewing or repaying our outstanding debt due to continued volatility in the global economy. We may also have difficulty accessing the global credit markets due to the downgrade of the U.S. credit rating and the resulting tightening of commercial credit availability and the financial difficulties of our customers, which would result in decreased ability to fund capital-intensive strategic projects.

Further, we may experience challenges in forecasting revenues and operating results due to these global economic conditions. The difficulty in forecasting revenues and operating results may result in volatility in the market price of our common stock.

In addition, the lenders under our senior secured credit agreement and other borrowing facilities described in Item 7 of this Form 10-K under "Liquidity and Capital Resources – Borrowing Arrangements" and the counterparties with whom we maintain interest rate swap agreements, currency forward contracts and derivatives and other hedge agreements may be unable to perform their lending or payment obligations in whole or in part, or may cease operations or seek bankruptcy protection, which would negatively affect our cash flows and our results of operations.

A downgrade in our credit rating could also impact our ability to effectively finance our operations and could lead to increased borrowing costs and limits on our access to capital.

The equipment that we use in our manufacturing operations is expensive and requires continued maintenance. We require significant capital investment to maintain our equipment. If our existing sources of capital prove insufficient, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain capital to finance these expenditures on favorable terms, or at all. Any inability by us to maintain our equipment as needed or any inability to obtain capital for expenditures on equipment maintenance on favorable terms could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

The Continuing Consolidation of our Customer Base and Suppliers May Intensify Pricing Pressure.

Over the last few years, many of our large industrial packaging, containerboard and corrugated products customers have acquired, or been acquired by, companies with similar or complementary product lines. In addition, many of our suppliers of raw materials such as steel, resin and paper, have undergone a similar process of consolidation. This consolidation has increased the concentration of our largest customers, resulting in increased pricing pressures from our customers. The consolidation of our largest suppliers has resulted in limited sources of supply and increased cost pressures from our suppliers. Any future consolidation of our customer base or our suppliers could negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, if one or

more of our major customers reduces, delays or cancels substantial orders, if one or more of our major suppliers is unable to timely produce and deliver our orders our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows may be materially and adversely affected, particularly for the period in which the reduction, delay or cancellation occurs and also possibly for subsequent periods.

We Operate in Highly Competitive Industries.

Each of our business segments operates in highly competitive industries. The most important competitive factors we face are price, quality and service. To the extent that one or more of our competitors become more successful with respect to any of these key competitive factors, we could lose customers and our sales could decline. In addition, due to the tendency of certain customers to diversify their suppliers, we could be unable to increase or maintain sales volumes with particular customers. Certain of our competitors are substantially larger and have significantly greater financial resources.

In addition, some rigid industrial packaging products are made from raw materials that are subject to pronounced price fluctuations, such as steel, which is used in the manufacture of steel drums and containers, and oil, which in turn affects the price of resin for plastic drums. Particularly in well-developed markets in Europe and in the United States, any substantial increases in the supply of rigid industrial packaging resulting from capacity increases, the stockpiling of raw materials or other types of opportunistic behavior by our competitors in a period of high raw materials prices, or price wars, could adversely affect our margins and the profitability of our business. Although price is a significant basis of competition in our industry, we also compete on the basis of product reliability, the ability to deliver products on a global scale and our reputation for quality and customer service. If we fail to maintain our current standards for product quality, the scope of our distribution capabilities or our customer relationships, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Negative media reports about us or our businesses, whether accurate or inaccurate, could damage our reputation and relationships with our customers and suppliers, cause customers and suppliers to terminate their relationship with us, or impair our ability to effectively compete, which could adversely affect our business, results of operation or financial condition.

Our Business is Sensitive to Changes in Industry Demands.

Industry demand for containerboard in the United States and certain of our industrial packaging products in our United States, European and other international markets has varied in recent years causing competitive pricing pressures for those products. We compete in industries that are capital intensive, which generally leads to continued production as long as prices are sufficient to cover marginal costs. As a result, changes in industry demands, including any resulting industry over-capacity, may cause substantial price competition and, in turn, negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Raw Material and Energy Price Fluctuations and Shortages may Adversely Impact our Manufacturing Operations and Costs.

The principal raw materials used in the manufacture of our products are steel, resin, pulpwood, old corrugated containers for recycling, used industrial packaging for reconditioning, and containerboard, which we purchase or otherwise acquire in highly competitive, price sensitive markets. These raw materials have historically exhibited price and demand cyclicality. Some of these materials have been, and in the future may be, in short supply. For example, the availability of these raw materials and/or our ability to purchase and transport these raw materials may be unexpectedly disrupted by adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, man-made disasters, a substantial economic downturn in the industries that provide any of those products, or competition for use of raw materials in other regions or countries. However, we have not recently experienced any significant difficulty in obtaining our principal raw materials. We have long-term supply contracts in place for obtaining a portion of our principal raw materials. The cost of producing our products is also sensitive to the price of energy (including its impact on transport costs). We have, from time to time, entered into short-term contracts to hedge certain of our energy costs. Energy prices, in particular oil and natural gas, have fluctuated in recent years, with a corresponding effect on our production costs. Potential legislation, regulatory action and international treaties related to climate change, especially those related to the regulation of greenhouse gases, may result in significant increases in raw material and energy costs. There can be no assurance that we will be able to recoup any past or future increases in the cost of energy and raw materials.

Geopolitical Conditions, Including Direct or Indirect Acts of War or Terrorism, Could Have A Material Adverse Effect on our Operations and Financial Results.

Our operations could be disrupted by geopolitical conditions such as international boycotts and sanctions, acts of war, terrorist activity or other similar events. Such events could make it difficult or impossible to manufacture or deliver products to our customers, receive production materials from our suppliers, or perform critical functions, which could adversely affect our business globally or in certain regions. While we maintain similar manufacturing capacities at different locations and coordinate multi-

source supplier programs on many of our materials which would better enable us to respond to these types of events, we cannot be sure that our plans will fully protect us from all such disruptions.

We May Encounter Difficulties Arising from Acquisitions.

We have invested a substantial amount of capital in acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments and we expect that we will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. We are continually evaluating acquisitions and strategic investments that are significant to our business both in the United States and internationally. Acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments involve numerous risks, including the failure to identify suitable acquisition candidates, complete acquisitions on acceptable terms and conditions, retain key customers, employees and contracts, the inability to integrate businesses without material disruption, unanticipated costs incurred in connection with integrating businesses, the incurrence of liabilities greater than anticipated or operating results that are less than anticipated, the inability to realize the projected value, and the inability to realize projected synergies. In addition, acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments and associated integration activities require time and attention of management and other key personnel, and other companies in our industries have similar acquisition and investment strategies. There can be no assurance that any acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments will be successfully integrated into our operations, that competition for acquisitions will not intensify or that we will be able to complete such acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments on acceptable terms and conditions. The costs of unsuccessful acquisition, joint venture and strategic investment efforts may adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition or prospects.

In Connection With Acquisitions or Divestitures, We may become Subject to Liabilities.

In connection with any acquisitions or divestitures, we may become subject to liabilities or legal claims, including but not limited to third party liability and other tort claims; claims for breach of contract; employment-related claims; environmental, health and safety liabilities, conditions or damage; permitting, regulatory or other compliance with law issues; or tax liabilities. If we become subject to any of these liabilities or claims, and they are not adequately covered by insurance or an enforceable indemnity or similar agreement from a creditworthy counterparty, we may be responsible for significant out-of-pocket expenditures. These liabilities, if they materialize, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may Incur Additional Restructuring Costs and there is no Guarantee that our Efforts to Reduce Costs Will Be Successful.

We have restructured portions of our operations from time to time in recent years, particularly following acquisitions of businesses and periods of economic downturn due to recent and current global economic conditions. We are implementing a strategy to improve our business portfolio, address underperforming assets and generate additional cash. This strategy includes selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") reductions throughout the company and has and will likely continue to result in the rationalization of manufacturing facilities.

The rationalization of our manufacturing facilities may result in temporary constraints upon our ability to produce the quantity of products necessary to fill orders and thereby complete sales in a timely manner. In addition, system upgrades at our manufacturing facilities that impact ordering, production scheduling and other related manufacturing processes are complex, and could impact or delay production targets. A prolonged delay in our ability to fill orders on a timely basis could affect customer demand for our products and increase the size of our product inventories, causing future reductions in our manufacturing schedules and adversely affecting our results of operations. Moreover, our continuous development and production of new products will often involve the retooling of existing manufacturing facilities. This retooling may limit our production capacity at certain times in the future, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the expansion and reconfiguration of existing manufacturing facilities could increase the risk of production delays, as well as require significant investments of capital.

While we expect these initiatives to result in significant profit opportunities and savings throughout our organization, our estimated profits and savings are based on several assumptions that may prove to be inaccurate, and as a result, there can be no assurance that we will realize these profits and cost savings or that, if realized, these profits and cost savings will be sustained. Failure to achieve or delays in achieving projected levels of efficiencies and cost savings from such measures, or unanticipated inefficiencies resulting from manufacturing and administrative reorganization actions in progress or contemplated, could adversely affect the Company's results of operation and, financial condition and harm our reputation.

We Could be Subject to Changes in our Tax Rates, the Adoption of New U.S. or Foreign Tax Legislation or Exposure to Additional Tax Liabilities.

The multinational nature of our business subjects us to taxation in the United States and numerous foreign jurisdictions. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change. Our future effective tax rates could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, or changes in tax laws or their interpretation. For example, the United States Congress is

considering comprehensive tax reform which, among other matters, may significantly reduce the corporate tax rate and change certain U.S. tax rules impacting the way U.S. based multinationals are taxed on foreign income. Changes to the tax system in the United States, particularly a proposed mandatory deemed repatriation tax, could have a material impact to our financial statements. The cumulative undistributed earnings that are considered to be indefinitely reinvested in foreign subsidiaries and corporate joint ventures on the consolidated balance sheets did not have a material adverse effect or impact as of October 31, 2017. The potential impact of the mandatory deemed repatriation proposal and other proposals is uncertain at this time, especially as the outcome of U.S. tax reform discussions is unknown, but at this time, we believe we are properly reflecting the provision for taxes on income using all current enacted global tax laws in every jurisdiction in which we operate. However, there can be no assurance that our tax positions will not be challenged by relevant tax authorities or that we would be successful in any such challenge.

Full Realization of our Deferred Tax Assets may be Affected By a Number Of Factors.

We have deferred tax assets, including foreign operating net loss carryforwards along with U.S. and foreign capital loss carryforwards, employee and retiree benefit items, and other accruals not yet deductible for tax purposes. We have established valuation allowances to reduce those deferred tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Our ability to use these deferred tax assets depends in part upon our having future taxable income during the periods in which these temporary differences reverse or our ability to carry back any losses created by the deduction of these temporary differences. We expect to realize these assets over an extended period. However, if we were unable to generate sufficient future taxable income in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions, or if there were a significant change in the time period within which the underlying temporary differences became taxable or deductible, we could be required to increase our valuation allowances against our deferred tax assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our reported results of operations.

Several Operations are Conducted by Joint Ventures That We Cannot Operate Solely for our Benefit.

Several operations, particularly in developing countries, are conducted through joint ventures, such as a significant joint venture in our Flexible Products & Services segment. In countries that require us to conduct business through a joint venture with a local joint venture partner, the loss of a joint venture partner or a joint venture partner's loss of its ability to conduct business in such country may impact our ability to conduct business in that country.

In joint ventures, we share ownership and, in some instances, management of a company with one or more parties who may or may not have the same goals, strategies, priorities or resources as we do. In general, joint ventures are intended to be operated for the benefit of all co-owners, rather than for our exclusive benefit. Operating a business as a joint venture often requires additional organizational formalities as well as time-consuming procedures for sharing information, accounting and making decisions. In certain cases, our joint venture partners must agree in order for the applicable joint venture to take certain actions, including acquisitions, the sale of assets, budget approvals, borrowing money and granting liens on joint venture property. Our inability to take unilateral action that we believe is in our best interests may have an adverse effect on the financial performance of the joint venture and the return on our investment. In joint ventures, we believe our relationship with our co-owners is an important factor to the success of the joint venture, and if a co-owner changes, our relationship may be adversely affected. In addition, the benefits from a successful joint venture are shared among the co-owners, so that we do not receive all the benefits from our successful joint ventures. Finally, we may be required on a legal or practical basis or both, to accept liability for obligations of a joint venture beyond our economic interest, including in cases where our co-owner becomes bankrupt or is otherwise unable to meet its commitments. For additional information with respect to the joint venture relating to our Flexible Products & Services segment, refer to Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation – Variable Interest Entities.

Certain of the Agreements that Govern our Joint Ventures Provide our Partners With Put or Call Options.

The agreements that govern certain of our current joint ventures under certain circumstances provide the joint venture partner with the right to sell their participation in the joint venture to us or the right to acquire our participation in the joint venture. Some of the joint venture agreements provide that the joint venture partner can sell its participation for a certain purchase price calculated on the basis of a fixed multiple. Such put and call rights may result in financial risks for us. In addition, such rights could negatively impact our operations if as a result of their exercise we lose access to members of our management teams that are familiar with local markets or distribution and manufacturing channels. 

Our Ability to Attract, Develop and Retain Talented and Qualified Employees, Managers and Executives Is Critical to our Success.

Our ability to attract, develop and retain talented and qualified employees, including executives and other key managers, is important to our business. This is becoming more difficult in the current highly competitive hiring and retention environment. The retirement of or unforeseen loss of key officers and employees without appropriate succession planning or the ability to develop or hire

replacements could hinder our strategic planning and execution and make it difficult to manage our business and meet our objectives resulting in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our Business may be Adversely Impacted by Work Stoppages and Other Labor Relations Matters.

We are subject to risk of work stoppages and other labor relations matters because a significant number of our employees are represented by unions. We have experienced work stoppages and strikes in the past, and there may be work stoppages and strikes in the future. Any prolonged work stoppage or strike at any one of our principal manufacturing facilities could have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, upon the expiration of existing collective bargaining agreements, we may not reach new agreements without union action and any such new agreements may not be on terms satisfactory to us.

We may not Successfully Identify Illegal Immigrants in our Workforce.

Our business is subject to laws regarding employment of illegal immigrants. Although we have taken steps that we believe are sufficient and appropriate to ensure compliance with immigration laws, we cannot provide assurance that we have identified, or will identify in the future, all illegal immigrants who work for us. Our failure to identify illegal immigrants who work for us may result in fines or other penalties being imposed upon us, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Pension and Postretirement Plans are Underfunded and will Require Future Cash Contributions, and our Required Future Cash Contributions could be Higher than we Expect, each of which could have a Material Adverse Effect on our Financial Condition and Liquidity.

We sponsor various pension and similar benefit plans worldwide.

Our U.S. and non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans were underfunded by an aggregate of $149.2 million and $12.6 million, respectively, as of October 31, 2017 . We are legally required to make cash contributions to our pension plans in the future, and those cash contributions could be material.

In fiscal 2018 , we expect, but are not obligated, to make cash contributions and direct benefit payments of approximately $16.9 million and $5.2 million to our U.S. and non-U.S. pension and postretirement plans, respectively, which we believe will be sufficient to meet the minimum funding requirements under applicable laws. We expect, however, our future funding obligations for our pension and postretirement plans depend upon the levels of benefits provided for by these plans, the future performance of assets set aside for these plans, the rates of interest used to determine funding levels, the impact of potential business dispositions, actuarial data and experience, and any changes in government laws and regulations. Accordingly, our future funding requirements for our pension and postretirement plans could be higher than expected, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity.

In addition, our pension plans hold a significant amount of equity securities. If the market values of these securities decline, our pension expense and funding requirements will increase, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity.

Any decrease in interest rates and asset returns, if and to the extent not offset by contributions, could increase our obligations under our pension plans. If the performance of assets held in these pension plans does not meet our expectations, our cash contributions for these plans could be higher than we expect, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and liquidity.

We may be Subject to Losses that Might not be Covered in Whole or in Part by Existing Insurance Reserves or Insurance Coverage.

We are self-insured for certain of the claims made under our employee medical and dental insurance programs and for certain of our workers' compensation claims. We establish reserves for estimated costs related to pending claims, administrative fees and claims incurred but not reported. Because establishing reserves is an inherently uncertain process involving estimates, currently established reserves may not be adequate to cover the actual liability for claims made under our employee medical and dental insurance programs and for certain of our workers' compensation claims. If we conclude that our estimates are incorrect and our reserves are inadequate for these claims, we will need to increase our reserves, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We have comprehensive liability, fire and extended coverage insurance on our facilities, with policy specifications and insured limits customarily carried for similar properties. However, there are certain types of losses, such as losses resulting from wars,

acts of terrorism, wind storm, flood, earthquake or other natural disasters, or pollution, that may be uninsurable or subject to restrictive policy conditions. In these instances, should a loss occur in excess of insured limits, we could lose capital invested in that property, as well as the anticipated future revenues derived from the manufacturing activities conducted at that property, while remaining obligated for any mortgage indebtedness or other financial obligations related to the property. Any such loss would adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We purchase insurance policies covering general liability and product liability with substantial policy limits. However, there can be no assurance that any liability claim would be adequately covered by our applicable insurance policies or it would not be excluded from coverage based on the terms and conditions of the policy. This could also apply to any applicable contractual indemnity.

We also purchase environmental liability policies where legally required and may elect to purchase coverage in other circumstances in order to transfer all or a portion of environmental liability risk through insurance. However, there can be no assurance that any environmental liability claim would be adequately covered by our applicable insurance policies or that it would not be excluded from coverage based on the terms and conditions of the policy.

Our Business Depends on the Uninterrupted Operations of Our Facilities, Systems and B usiness Functions, including our Information Technology (IT) and Other Business Systems.

Our business is dependent upon our ability to execute, in an efficient and uninterrupted fashion, necessary business functions, such as accessing key business data, financial information, order processing, invoicing and the operation of IT dependent manufacturing equipment. In addition, a significant portion of the communication between our employees, customers and suppliers around the world depends on our IT systems. A shut-down of or inability to access one or more of our facilities, a power outage, a pandemic, or a failure of one or more of our IT, telecommunications or other systems could significantly impair our ability to perform such functions on a timely basis.

We are in the process of implementing a standard IT platform across our business and have successfully completed implementation in approximately three-fourths of our locations. The transition from many former systems, many of which were acquired in connection with business acquisitions, to a single system will reduce complexity and inefficiencies in monitoring business results and consolidating financial data that could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. This project has been ongoing for several years requiring significant human and financial resources and is expected to be substantially complete by early fiscal 2019, with work at our Flexible Products & Services operations being completed later in 2019. There can be no assurance that this project will be successful, and even if successful, there can be no assurance that other difficulties and inefficiencies will not exist in our systems.

We have established a business continuity plan in an effort to ensure the continuation of core business operations in the event that normal operations could not be performed due to a catastrophic event. While we continue to test and assess our business continuity plan to ensure it meets the needs of our core business operations and addresses multiple business interruption events, there is no assurance that core business operations could be performed upon the occurrence of such an event.

A Security Breach of Customer, Employee, Supplier or Company Information may have a Material Adverse Effect on our Business, Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

In the conduct of our business, we collect, use, transmit, store and report data on information systems and interact with customers, vendors and employees. Increased global IT security threats and more sophisticated and targeted computer crime pose a risk to the security of our systems and networks and the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our data. Despite our security measures, our IT systems and infrastructure may be vulnerable to computer viruses, cyber-attacks, security breaches caused by employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such threat could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. A security breach of our computer systems could interrupt or damage our operations or harm our reputation. In addition, we could be subject to legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties if confidential information relating to customers, suppliers, employees or other parties is misappropriated from our computer system.

In the past, we have relied on the U.S.-European Union Frameworks, as agreed to by the U.S. Department of Commerce and the European Union ("EU") as one of the means to legally transfer European personal information from Europe to the United States. However, on October 6, 2015, the European Court of Justice invalidated the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor framework. On February 2, 2016, the U.S. and E.U. announced agreement on a new framework for transatlantic data flows entitled the EU-US Privacy Shield and the Company self-certified under the EU-US Privacy Shield framework on October 5, 2016. However, it is possible that Privacy Shield may be challenged in EU courts, so there is some uncertainty regarding its future validity and our ability to rely on it for EU to US data transfers.

Additionally, the EU has enacted the new General Data Protection Regulation, which will take effect on May 25, 2018 and carries with it significantly increased responsibilities for companies that process EU personal data as well as significant penalties. As this date draws nearer, we expect to see increased regulatory and customer attention surrounding data privacy. Furthermore, outside of the EU, we continue to see increased regulation of data privacy and security, including the adoption of more stringent subject matter specific state laws and national laws regulating the collection and use of data, as well as security and data breach obligations. The uncertainty and changes in the requirements of multiple jurisdictions may increase the cost of compliance, reduce demand for our services, restrict our ability to offer services in certain locations, impact our customers' ability to deploy our solutions in certain jurisdictions, or subject us to sanctions by national data protection regulators, all of which could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Failure to provide adequate privacy protections and maintain compliance with the new data privacy laws, like the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield framework and the new General Data Protection Regulation, could jeopardize business transactions across borders and result in significant penalties. These laws could create liability for us or increase our cost of doing business.

Similar security threats exist with respect to the IT systems of our lenders, suppliers, consultants, advisors and other third parties with whom we conduct business. A security breach of those computer systems could result in the loss, theft or disclosure of confidential information and could also interrupt or damage our operations, harm our reputation and subject us to legal claims.

The regulatory framework for privacy issues is evolving worldwide, and various government and consumer agencies and public advocacy groups have called for new regulation and changes in industry practices. It is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and internationally, or existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in new ways, that would affect our business. Complying with any new regulatory requirements could force us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner that could reduce our revenue or compromise our ability to effectively pursue our growth strategy.

To date, we have seen no material impact on our business or operations from these threats. However, we cannot assure that our security efforts will prevent unauthorized access or loss of functionality to our or our third-party providers' systems.

Legislation/Regulation Related to Environmental and Health and Safety Matters and Corporate Social Responsibility could Negatively Impact our Operations and Financial Performance.

We must comply with extensive laws, rules and regulations in the United States and in each of the countries where we conduct business regarding environmental matters, such as air, soil and water quality and waste disposal. We must also comply with extensive laws, rules and regulations regarding safety, health and corporate responsibility matters. There can be no assurance that compliance with existing and new laws, rules and regulations will not require significant expenditures.

In addition, laws, rules and regulations, as well as the interpretation and administration of such laws and regulations by governmental agencies, can change and restrict or prohibit the manner in which we conduct our current operations, require additional permits to engage in some or all of our current operations, or increase the cost of some or all our operations. For example, certain of the remedies being sought by the U.S. EPA in the proceedings relating to the CLCM facilities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area seek to implement changes in the way certain laws and regulations are interpreted and administered with respect to our reconditioning business. Such changes could adversely affect our business, results of operation or financial condition.

We are also subject to transportation safety regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transportation ("DOT") and agencies in other jurisdictions. Both the DOT regulations and standards issued by the United Nations and adopted by various jurisdictions outside the United States set forth requirements related to the transportation of both hazardous and nonhazardous materials in some of our packaging products and subject our company to random inspections and testing to ensure compliance. Failure to comply could result in fines to our company and could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to laws, rules and regulations relating to some of the raw materials, such as resins and epoxy-based coatings, used in our rigid container business. These materials may contain Bisphenol-A (BPA), a chemical monomer that can be toxic in sufficient quantities, and is used in several food contact applications. Regulatory agencies in several jurisdictions worldwide have found these materials to be safe for food contact at current levels, but a significant change in regulatory rulings concerning BPA could have an adverse effect on our business.

At the European Union, or EU, level, many laws and regulations are designed to protect human health and the environment. For example, Directive 2004/35/EC concerns obligations to remedy damages to the environment, which could require us to remediate contamination identified at sites we own or use. Other EU directives limit pollution from industrial activities, reduce emissions to air, water and soil, protect water resources, reduce waste, protect employee health and safety and regulate the registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals. See "Business-Regulation." Failure to comply with these laws, or a change in the applicable legal framework, could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our customers in the food industry are subject to increasing laws, rules and regulations relating to food safety. As a result, customers may demand that changes be made to our products or facilities, as well as other aspects of our production processes, that may require the investment of capital. The failure to comply with these requests could adversely affect our relationships with some customers and result in negative effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the annual disclosure and reporting requirements regarding the use of "conflict minerals" from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and adjoining countries pursuant to Section 1502 of The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. These requirements could affect the sourcing, availability and cost of minerals used in the manufacture of certain of our products. We have incurred and will continue to incur costs associated with complying with these supply chain due diligence procedures. In addition, because our supply chain is complex, we may face reputation challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins of all minerals used in our products through the due diligence procedures that we implement.

Although there may be adverse financial impact (including compliance costs, potential permitting delays and increased cost of energy, raw materials and transportation) associated with any legislation, regulation or other action, the extent and magnitude of that impact cannot be reliably or accurately estimated due to the fact that some requirements have only recently been adopted and the present uncertainty regarding other additional measures and how they will be implemented.

Product Liability Claims and Other Legal Proceedings could Adversely Affect our Operations and Financial Performance .

We produce products and provide services related to other parties' products, including sensitive products such as food ingredients, pharmaceutical ingredients and hazardous substances. Incidents involving these product types can involve risk of recall, contamination, spillage, leakage, fires, and explosions, which can threaten individual health and cause the breakdown or failure of equipment or processes and the performance of facilities below expected levels of capacity. If any of our customers have such accidents involving our products, they may bring product liability claims against us. While we have built extensive operational processes to ensure that the design and manufacture of our products meet rigorous quality standards, there can be no assurance that we or our customers will not experience operational process failures that could result in potential product, safety, regulatory or environmental claims and associated litigation. We are also subject to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in our areas of operation around the globe. Any such claims, whether with or without merit, could be time consuming and expensive to defend and could divert management's attention and resources. In accordance with customary practice, we maintain insurance against some, but not all, of these potential claims. In the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance at commercially acceptable premium levels at all. In addition, the levels of insurance we maintain may not be adequate to fully cover any and all losses or liabilities. If any significant judgment or claim is not fully insured or indemnified against, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We and the industries in which we operate are at times being reviewed or investigated by regulators and other governmental agencies, which could lead to enforcement actions, fines and penalties or the assertion of private litigation claims and damages. Simply responding to actual or threatened litigation or government investigations of our compliance with regulatory standards may require significant expenditures of time and other resources. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, the global and diverse nature of our operations means that legal and compliance risks will continue to exist and legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, will arise from time to time that could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may Incur Fines or Penalties, Damage to our Reputation or other Adverse Consequences if our Employees, Agents or Business Partners Violate, or are Alleged to have Violated, Anti-bribery, Competition or Other Laws.

We cannot provide assurance that our internal controls will always protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees, agents or business partners that would violate U.S. and/or non-U.S. laws, including anti-bribery, competition, trade sanctions and regulation, and other laws. Any such improper actions could subject us to civil or criminal investigations in the U.S. and in other jurisdictions, could lead to substantial civil or criminal monetary and non-monetary penalties against us or our subsidiaries, and could damage our reputation. Even the allegation or appearance of our employees, agents or business partners acting improperly or illegally could damage our reputation and result in significant expenditures in investigating and responding to such actions.

Changing Climate, Climate Change Regulations and Greenhouse Gas Effects may Adversely Affect our Operations and Financial Performance.

There is continuing concern from members of the scientific community and the general public that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other human activities have or will cause significant changes in weather patterns and increase the frequency or severity of weather events, wildfires and flooding. Climate change creates physical and financial risk. Physical risks from climate change

include an increase in sea level and changes in weather conditions, such as an increase in precipitation, droughts and extreme weather events. These types of events may adversely impact the Company, our suppliers, our customers and their ability to purchase our products and our ability to manufacture and transport our products on a timely basis and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We believe it is likely that the scientific and political attention to issues concerning the extent and causes of climate change will continue, with the potential for further legislation and regulations that could affect our results of operations and financial condition. Foreign, federal, state and local regulatory and legislative bodies have proposed various legislative and regulatory measures relating to climate change, regulating GHG emissions and energy policies. If such legislation or regulations are enacted, we could incur increased energy, environmental and other costs and capital expenditures to comply with the limitations. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines to our company and could affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We, along with other companies in many business sectors, including our customers, are considering and implementing ways to reduce GHG emissions. As a result, our customers may request that changes be made to our products or facilities, as well as other aspects of our production processes, that increase costs and may require the investment of capital. The failure to comply with these requests could adversely affect our relationships with some customers, which in turn could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We could face increased costs related to defending and resolving legal claims and other litigation related to climate change and the alleged impact of our operations on climate change.

The Frequency and Volume of our Timber and Timberland Sales will Impact our Financial Performance.

We have a significant inventory of standing timber and timberland and approximately 20,000 acres of special use properties in the United States as of October 31, 2017 . The frequency, demand for and volume of sales of timber, timberland and special use properties will have an effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, volatility in the real estate market for special use properties could negatively affect our results of operations.

Changes in U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP) and SEC Rules and Regulations could Materially Impact our Reported Results.

U.S. GAAP and SEC accounting and reporting changes have become more frequent and significant in the past several years. These changes could have significant effects on our reported results when compared to prior periods and other companies and may even require us to retrospectively adjust prior periods from time to time. Additionally, material changes to the presentation of transactions in the consolidated financial statements could impact key ratios that analysts and credit rating agencies use to rate our company, increase our cost of borrowing and ultimately our ability to access the credit markets in an efficient manner.

The Financial Accounting Standard Board ("FASB") has issued an Accounting Standards Update that provides new requirements for revenue recognition effective for us on November 1, 2018. We anticipate that the impact of this standard will be limited to expanded disclosures, with no material impact on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows. The FASB has also issued an Accounting Standards Update that provides new requirements for accounting for and disclosing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about lease arrangements effective for us on November 1, 2019. We are in the process of determining the potential impact of adopting these standards on our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and disclosure.

If the Company Fails to Maintain an Effective System of Internal Control, the Company may not be able to Accurately Report Financial Results or Prevent Fraud.

Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and to assist in the effective prevention of fraud. We must annually evaluate our internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which requires management and auditors to assess the effectiveness of internal controls. As described in Item 9A of this Form 10-K, management has concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of October 31, 2017 . In the past, we have reported material weaknesses in the adequacy of our internal controls, and there is no assurance that, in the future, material weaknesses will not be identified that would cause management to change its current conclusion as to the effectiveness of our internal controls. If we fail to maintain effective internal controls, we could report material weaknesses in the future, indicating that there is a reasonable possibility that our financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition.

The Company has a Significant Amount of Goodwill and Long-lived Assets which, if Impaired in the Future, would Adversely Impact our Results of Operations.

Our goodwill could be impaired if the fair value of any particular reporting unit is less than the carrying value of that reporting unit. Impairment of the Company's goodwill would reduce the Company's net income in the period of any such write down. The Company is required to evaluate goodwill reflected on its balance sheet at least annually, or when circumstances indicate a potential impairment. If it determines that the goodwill is impaired, the Company would be required to write off a portion or all of the goodwill. At October 31, 2017 , the carrying value of the Company's goodwill was $ 785.4 million including the impact of a $ 13.0 million goodwill impairment related to the Rigid Industrial Packaging Products & Services – Latin America reporting unit that resulted from the August 1, 2017, goodwill impairment testing.

We may be required to record future impairments of our long-lived assets as we continue to restructure our business. Decisions to sell or close plants could reduce the hold period of an asset group or indicate that the fair value of the asset group is less than the carrying value. We may also experience declines in particular businesses due to competition or other outside forces indicating our long-lived assets are not recoverable. Any resulting impairments will impact net income in the period in which the triggering event occurs and could be significant, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

The following are our principal operating locations and the products manufactured at such facilities or the use of such facilities. We consider our operating properties to be in satisfactory condition and adequate to meet our present needs. However, we expect to make further additions, improvements and consolidations of our properties to support our business.

We also own a substantial amount of timber properties. Our timber properties consisted of approximately 245,000 acres in the southeastern United States as of October 31, 2017 .

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not a party to any pending legal proceedings that are material to our business or financial condition.

From time to time, we have been a party to legal proceedings arising at the country, state or local level involving environmental sites to which we have shipped, directly or indirectly, small amounts of toxic waste, such as paint solvents. As of the filing date of this Form 10-K, we have been classified only as a "de minimis" participant, and such proceedings do not involve monetary sanctions in excess of $100,000.

On July 19, 2017, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources ("WDNR") issued Notices of Violation to us and CLCM with respect to CLCM's three reconditioning facilities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area regarding violations of Wisconsin laws related to hazardous waste, air management and industrial storm water. On November 27, 2017, the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("U.S. EPA") issued a Notice of Violation to us and CLCM with respect to CLCM's reconditioning facilities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area regarding violations of the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ("RCRA"), primarily related to the unlawful storage and treatment of hazardous wastes without RCRA licenses and violations of RCRA's requirements related to hazardous waste determinations and hazardous waste activity notifications, and Wisconsin laws related to hazardous waste. On November 27, 2017, the U.S. EPA issued Notices and Findings of Violations to CLCM with respect to two of CLCM's reconditioning facilities in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin area regarding violations of the federal Clean Air Act, primarily related to air management, and Wisconsin laws related to air management. The remedies being sought in these proceedings include compliance with the applicable environmental laws and regulations as being interpreted by the U.S. EPA and WDNR and monetary sanctions. We have cooperated with the governmental agencies in these investigations and proceedings. As of the filing date of this Form 10-K, no citations have been issued or fines assessed with respect to any of these proceedings. With respect to one or more of these proceedings, monetary sanctions may be imposed by the U.S. EPA or the WNDR and those monetary sanctions may exceed $100,000 individually or in the aggregate.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Shares of our Class A and Class B Common Stock are listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbols GEF and GEF.B, respectively.

Financial information regarding our two classes of common stock, as well as the number of holders of each class and the high, low and closing sales prices for each class for each quarterly period for the two most recent years, is included in Note 19 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

We pay quarterly dividends of varying amounts computed on the basis described in Note 14 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The annual dividends paid for the last two years are as follows:

2017 Dividends per Share – Class A $1.68; Class B $2.51

2016 Dividends per Share – Class A $1.68; Class B $2.51

The terms of our current credit agreement limit our ability to make "restricted payments," which include dividends and purchases, redemptions and acquisitions of our equity interests. The payment of dividends and other restricted payments are subject to the condition that certain defaults not exist under the terms of our current credit agreement and, in the event that certain defaults exist,

are limited in amount by a formula based, in part, on our consolidated net income. Refer to "Liquidity and Capital Resources – Borrowing Arrangements" in Item 7 of this Form 10-K.

In July 2017, the Board of Directors' Stock Repurchase Committee authorized and we executed the repurchase of 2,000 shares of Class B Common Stock as a part of the Board authorized common stock repurchase program.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the performance of shares of our Class A and B Common Stock to that of the Standard and Poor's 500 Index and our industry group (Peer Index) assuming $100 invested on October 31, 2012 and reinvestment of dividends for each subsequent year. The graph does not purport to represent our value.

The Peer Index comprises the containers and packaging index as shown by Dow Jones.

Equity compensation plan information required by Items 201(d) of Regulation S-K will be found under the caption "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the 2018 Proxy Statement, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The five-year selected financial data is as follows:

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The terms "Greif," "the Company," "we," "us" and "our" as used in this discussion refer to Greif, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Greif Business System and Transformation Initiative

We developed and use the "Greif Business System," a quantitative, systematic and disciplined process, to improve productivity, increase profitability, reduce costs and drive shareholder value. During the fourth quarter 2014, we announced a transformation initiative, which was a holistic plan to improve our financial performance and reward our shareholders. At its core, this plan restructured the company by enhancing the Greif Business System through refocused efforts on operational efficiency, customer service excellence, working capital, and sourcing and supply chain; reducing complexity; the consolidation and optimization of our manufacturing network; the sale of selected non-core assets; the reduction of selling, general, and administrative ("SG&A") costs; and implementing growth initiatives. As of the fourth quarter of 2017, we have completed our transformation initiative. We intend to continue to utilize the Greif Business System to operate with the financial discipline that underlined the transformation initiative and anticipate the full year benefit of the fiscal 2017 initiatives to be realized in fiscal 2018.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"). The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in accordance with these principles, require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements.

Historical revenues and earnings may or may not be representative of future operating results due to various economic and other factors.

The non-GAAP financial measure of EBITDA is used throughout the following discussion of our results of operations. EBITDA is defined as net income, plus interest expense, net, plus income tax expense, plus depreciation, depletion and amortization. Since we do not calculate net income by segment, EBITDA by segment is reconciled to operating profit by segment. We use EBITDA as one of the financial measures to evaluate our historical and ongoing operations and believe that this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to enable investors to perform meaningful comparisons of our historical and current performance. Additionally, EBITDA is a metric considered by debt holders and certain investors as an indicator of our ability to generate cash flow. EBITDA, as a

non-GAAP financial measure, should not be considered an alternative or substitute for, and should not be considered superior to, any of our GAAP financial measures. Accordingly, users of this financial information should not place undue reliance on EBITDA.

The following table sets forth the net sales, operating profit (loss) and EBITDA for each of our business segments for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 :

The following table sets forth EBITDA, reconciled to net income and operating profit, for our consolidated results for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 :

The following table sets forth EBITDA for each of our business segments, reconciled to the operating profit (loss) for each segment, for 2017 , 2016 and 2015 :

Year 2017 Compared to Year 2016

Net Sales

Net sales were $3,638.2 million for 2017 compared with $3,323.6 million for 2016 . The 9.5 percent increase in net sales was primarily due to strategic pricing decisions and increases in index prices in our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment and an increase in volumes in our mills and corrugator facilities in our Paper Packaging & Services segment, partially offset by the impact of our 2016 divestitures in our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $714.7 million for 2017 compared with $684.9 million for 2016 . The respective reasons for the improvement or decline in gross profit for each segment are described below in the "Segment Review." Gross profit margin was 19.6 percent for 2017 compared to 20.6 percent for 2016 .

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses increased 0.9 percent to $380.4 million for 2017 from $376.8 million for 2016 . This increase was primarily due to increases in incentive compensation due to improved business performance and increases in professional fees partially offset by decreased non-income tax expense and the impact of foreign currency translation of $2.9 million. SG&A expenses were 10.5 percent of net sales for 2017 compared with 11.3 percent of net sales for 2016 .

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges were $12.7 million for 2017 compared with $26.9 million for 2016 . Charges for both periods were primarily related to employee separation costs, relocation fees and professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation. Restructuring activities and associated costs during 2017 are anticipated to deliver annual run-rate savings of approximately $9.9 million with payback periods ranging from one to three years among the plans. We anticipate completion of the current restructuring programs by early 2018. Refer to Note 6 – Restructuring Charges, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Impairment Charges

Goodwill impairment charges were $13.0 million for 2017. These charges were related to the impairment of goodwill within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. There were no goodwill impairment charges for 2016.

Non-cash asset impairment charges were $7.8 million for 2017 compared with $51.4 million for 2016 . In 2017 , these charges were primarily related to plant closures and impairments of goodwill allocated to assets held for sale. Refer to Note 9 – Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Timberland Gains

There were no gains on timberland sales for 2017 or 2016 .

Gain on Disposal of Properties, Plants and Equipment, net

The gain on disposal of properties, plants, and equipment, net was $0.4 million and $10.3 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. See Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Loss on Disposal of Businesses, net

The loss on disposal of businesses was $1.7 million and $14.5 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Operating Profit

Operating profit was $272.4 million for 2017 compared with $225.6 million for 2016 . The $46.8 million increase consisted of increases of $29.5 million in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, $21.2 million in the Flexible Products & Services segment, and $1.9 million in the Land Management segment. The increase was partially offset by a decrease of $5.8 million in the Paper Packaging & Services segment. The primary factors that contributed to the $46.8 million increase, when compared to 2016 , were increased sales, lower non-cash asset impairment charges of $30.6 million, lower restructuring charges of $14.2 million, and lower losses on the sale of businesses of $12.8 million, partially offset by increased pension settlement charges of $27.1 million and lower gains on sales of property, plant, and equipment of $9.9 million.

EBITDA

EBITDA was $382.9 million and $345.1 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The increase in EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors impacting operating profit described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $120.5 million for 2017 compared with $127.7 million for 2016 . The decrease in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was primarily due to impact of 2016 divestitures.

Trends

In fiscal year 2018 , we anticipate stronger demand from key end use segments (e.g., bulk and specialty chemicals) as a result of improving global macroeconomic conditions and favorable access to credit impacting primarily our Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. In addition, we anticipate benefits from proposed infrastructure and planned chemical expansion projects, primarily planned in the United States. We also anticipate that our Paper Packaging & Services segment will benefit from a more favorable price - cost relationship as containerboard price increases announced in 2017 are fully realized, although old corrugated container (OCC) costs are anticipated to remain somewhat volatile due to unpredictable overseas demand.

Segment Review

Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services

Key factors influencing profitability in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment are:

Net sales increased 8.5 percent to $2,522.7 million in 2017 from $2,324.2 million in 2016 . The $198.5 million increase in net sales was primarily the result of an increase in selling prices due to strategic pricing and increases in index prices of raw materials partially offset by the impact of the 2016 divestitures in this segment.

Gross profit was $502.2 million for 2017 compared with $489.4 million for 2016 . The $12.8 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the positive impact of strategic volume and pricing actions, partially offset by increases in raw material prices. Gross profit margin decreased to 19.9 percent from 21.1 percent in 2016 .

Operating profit was $173.4 million for 2017 compared with $143.9 million for 2016 . The $29.5 million increase was primarily attributable to the same factors impacting gross profit, a decrease in non-cash asset impairment charges of $22.8 million, a decrease in restructuring charges of $7.8 million and a decrease in loss on sales of properties, plants and equipment and businesses, net of $3.2 million, partially offset by an increase in pension settlement charges of $16.7 million.

EBITDA was $241.9 million for 2017 compared with $223.8 million for 2016 . The $18.1 million increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $77.0 million for 2017 compared with $84.6 million for 2016 . The reduction in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was primarily due to impact of 2016 divestitures.

Paper Packaging & Services

Key factors influencing profitability in the Paper Packaging & Services segment are:

Net sales increased 16.6 percent to $800.9 million for 2017 compared with $687.1 million for 2016 , primarily related to increased net volumes of 5.9 percent in our mills and corrugator facilities and a $22.7 million increase in specialty product sales. Selling prices increased 12.0 percent, primarily due to an increase in published containerboard index prices during 2017.

Gross profit was $150.9 million for 2017 compared with $144.5 million for 2016 . The increase in gross profit was primarily due to the same factors impacting net sales, as described above. Gross profit margin was 18.8 percent and 21.0 percent for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. This decrease was due to an increase in input costs, primarily old corrugated container costs, during 2017 compared to 2016 .

Operating profit was $83.3 million for 2017 compared with $89.1 million for 2016 . The decrease was primarily due to increased pension settlement charges of $10.2 million, increased input costs, and increased SG&A expenses, partially offset by selling price and volume increases as described above.

EBITDA was $115.3 million for 2017 compared with $120.7 million for 2016 . The decrease in EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors impacting net sales and gross profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $31.9 million and $31.6 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Flexible Products & Services

Key factors influencing profitability in the Flexible Products & Services segment are:

Net sales decreased 0.6 percent to $286.4 million for 2017 compared with $288.1 million for 2016 . This decrease was primarily due to the impact of non-material divestitures in 2016 of $6.5 million and the impact of foreign currency translation of $6.5 million, offset by strategic pricing decisions.

Gross profit was $51.1 million for 2017 compared with $42.0 million for 2016 . This increase was primarily attributable to reduced labor and fixed production costs and the impact of strategic volume and pricing decisions. Gross profit margin increased to 17.8 percent for 2017 from 14.6 percent for 2016 .

Operating profit was $5.7 million for 2017 compared with an operating loss of $15.5 million for 2016 . This improvement in operating profit was primarily due to the same factors impacting the segment's gross profit, as well as a decrease in non-cash asset impairment charges of $6.3 million and a decrease in restructuring charges of $5.1 million.

EBITDA was $11.1 million for 2017 compared with negative $11.3 million for 2016 . This improvement was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $7.0 million for 2017 compared with $7.7 million for 2016 , respectively.

Land Management

As of October 31, 2017 , our Land Management segment consisted of 245,000 acres of timber properties in the southeastern United States. Key factors influencing profitability in the Land Management segment are:

In order to maximize the value of our timber properties, we continue to review our current portfolio and explore the development of certain of these properties. This process has led us to characterize our property as follows:

We report the sale of timberland property in "timberland gains," the sale of HBU and surplus property in "gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net" and the sale of timber and development property under "net sales" and "cost of products sold" in our consolidated statements of income. All HBU and development property, together with surplus property, is used to productively grow and sell timber until the property is sold.

Whether timberland has a higher value for uses other than growing and selling timber is a determination based upon several variables, such as proximity to population centers, anticipated population growth in the area, the topography of the land, aesthetic

considerations, including access to lakes or rivers, the condition of the surrounding land, availability of utilities, markets for timber and economic considerations both nationally and locally. Given these considerations, the characterization of land is not a static process, but requires an ongoing review and re-characterization as circumstances change.

As of October 31, 2017 , we estimated that there were 20,000 acres in the United States of special use property, which we expect will be available for sale in the next five to seven years.

Net sales were $28.2 million and $24.2 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The increase in net sales was primarily due to an increase in timber sales.

Operating profit increased to $10.0 million for 2017 from $8.1 million for 2016 . This increase was due to the same factor that impacted the segment's net sales, as described above.

EBITDA was $14.6 million and $11.9 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. This increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $4.6 million for 2017 compared wit h $3.8 mi llion for 2016 .

Other Income Statement Changes

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net was $60.1 million and $75.4 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. This decrease was primarily due to the repayment of Senior Notes due February 2017 with funds borrowed at a lower interest rate under our 2017 Credit Agreement along with lower year-over-year debt balances.

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net was $12.0 million and $9.0 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

U.S. and Non-U.S. Income before Income Tax Expense

Refer to the following tables for details of the U.S. and non-U.S. income before income taxes and U.S. and non-U.S. income before income taxes after eliminating the impact of non-cash asset impairment charges, non-cash pension settlement charges, restructuring charges, and (gains) losses on sales of businesses.

Income Tax Expense

We had operations in over 40 countries during 2017. Operations outside of the United States are subject to additional risks that may not exist, or be as significant, within the United States. Our global operations in these countries results in the need to address complex and varying tax systems on a constantly changing basis.

Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses as of the balance sheet date. The multitude of tax jurisdictions, with varying laws, creates a level of uncertainty, and significant judgment is required when addressing the complex tax systems. Our effective tax rate and the amount of taxes we pay are dependent upon various factors, including the following: the laws and regulations of the tax jurisdictions in which income is earned; the recognition of permanent book/tax basis differences realized through the non-deductible write-off of goodwill allocated to divestitures and impairment of other intangibles; the ability to realize deferred tax assets at

certain international subsidiaries; negotiation and dispute resolution with taxing authorities in the U.S. and international jurisdictions; and changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative rulings and common law.

The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized currently for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. This method includes an estimate of the future realization of tax losses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled.

In fiscal year 2017, tax expense was $67.2 million on $200.3 million of pretax income, as compared to the fiscal year 2016, where tax expense was $66.5 million on $141.2 million of pretax income. Tax expense in 2017 increased by $13.8 million due to the mix of income and losses among various jurisdictions, including changes in losses and income from jurisdictions for which a valuation allowance has been provided, as well as the timing of recognition of the related tax expense under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740-270. There was also an increase in tax expense of $7.0 million for unremitted foreign earnings under ASC 740-30 (formally APB23). However, these tax increases were largely offset by decreases in tax expense of $10.4 million related to changes in the measurement of uncertain tax positions netted against releases resulting from audit settlements and expiration of the statute of limitations in several jurisdictions; withholding tax expense decreased by $2.9 million; and other taxes decreased by $6.8 million. The net difference in tax expense was an increase of $0.7 million.

During 2017, the valuation allowance account increased by $40.3 million, which consisted of the following: $1.3 million of decreases due to currency translation; $1.2 million of net increases in new valuation allowances; and $40.4 million of net incremental increases against net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets. The impact of the increase in valuation allowances was not material to our 2017 effective tax rate.

During 2016, the valuation allowance account increased by $2.6 million, which consisted of the following: $0.8 million of increases due to currency translation; $2.2 million of net increases in new valuation allowances; and $0.4 million of net incremental decreases against net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets. The impact of the decrease in valuation allowances was not material to our 2016 effective tax rate.

We analyze potential income tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in the United States and international jurisdictions. The analysis of potential income tax liabilities results in estimates of income tax liabilities recognized for uncertain tax positions following the guidance of ASC 740, "Income Taxes." The estimation of potential tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions involves significant judgment in evaluating the impact of uncertainties in the application of ASC 740 and other complex tax laws. We periodically analyze both potential income tax liabilities and existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions resulting in both new reserves and adjustments to existing reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances. This includes the release of existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the expiration of statutes of limitation. During 2017, recognition of uncertain tax positions decreased primarily due to audit and statute of limitations releases attributable to non-US jurisdictions; whereas in 2016, the uncertain tax positions increased primarily due to new positions largely attributable to non-U.S. jurisdictions.

The ultimate resolution of potential income tax liabilities may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimates. If our estimates recognized under ASC 740 prove to be different than what is ultimately resolved, such resolution could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. While predicting the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of any particular tax matter is subject to various risks and uncertainties, we believe that our tax accounts related to uncertain tax positions are appropriately stated.

Prior to the first quarter of 2017, we asserted under ASC 740-30, formerly Accounting Principles Board opinion 23 ("APB 23"), that unremitted earnings of our subsidiaries directly or indirectly owned by Greif International Holding BV ("GIH") were permanently reinvested. As a result of our debt re-financing concluded in November 2016, we reassessed our unremitted earnings position in the first quarter of 2017. We concluded that the unremitted earnings of subsidiaries owned directly or indirectly by GIH may be used to fully fund the repayment of up to €187.0 million ($203.9 million as of April 30, 2017) of third-party debt of GIH's non-U.S. parent company, Greif Luxembourg Holding Sarl. During 2017, €187.0 million ($203.9 million as of April 30, 2017) of the debt was repaid, utilizing, in part, $104.0 million of pre-2017 earnings distributed during 2017. As a result, deferred tax liabilities of $2.0 million related to withholding taxes was recorded through the fourth quarter of 2017 (initially measured at $3.6 million) with respect to the $104.0 million of pre-2017 unremitted earnings, which represents the total tax liability less current year dividends and releases for all of the pre-2017 unremitted earnings expected to be remitted.

Beginning in 2017, deferred tax liabilities have been recorded on current year earnings not required to be immediately reinvested by the respective subsidiaries of our foreign holding companies (including holding companies such as GIH, Greif Luxembourg Holding Sarl, and Greif UK International Holding Ltd).

Other than the foregoing change in assertion with respect to current year earnings, we have not recognized U.S. deferred income taxes on a cumulative total of $646.4 million of undistributed earnings from certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries. Our intention is to reinvest these earnings indefinitely outside the U.S. or to repatriate the earnings only when it is tax-efficient to do so. Therefore, no U.S. tax provision has been accrued related to the repatriation of these earnings. Furthermore, given the uncertainty as to whether we will decide in the future to repatriate earnings and the wide variation in results depending on the various alternatives we could deploy should we decide to do so, it is difficult to make a reliable estimate as to the amount of any additional taxes which may be payable on such undistributed earnings.

Refer to Note 11 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Affiliates, net of Tax

We recorded $2.0 million and $0.8 million of equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, for 2017 and 2016 , respectively.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings from the operations of our non-wholly owned, consolidated subsidiaries that belongs to the noncontrolling interests in those subsidiaries. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was $16.5 million and $0.6 million for 2017 and 2016 , respectively. The increase in net income attributable to noncontrolling interests was due primarily to increased earnings of the Flexible Packaging JV.

Net Income Attributable to Greif, Inc.

Based on the factors noted above, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. increased $43.7 million to $118.6 million in 2017 from $74.9 million in 2016 .

Year 2016 Compared to Year 2015

Net Sales

Net sales were $3,323.6 million for 2016 compared with $3,616.7 million for 2015. The 8.1 percent decrease in net sales was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 5.8 percent, primarily attributable to the revaluation of our Venezuelan operations in 2015, a decrease in volumes, largely attributable to divestitures completed during 2015 and 2016, partially offset by a slight increase in prices and product mix due to the impact of strategic volume and pricing decisions.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $684.9 million for 2016 compared with $669.8 million for 2015. The improvement in gross profit was primarily due to divestitures of low margin businesses and the impact of strategic volume and pricing decisions noted in Net Sales above. Specific discussion of the changes in gross profit for each business segment are described in the "Segment Review." Gross profit margin was 20.6 percent for 2016 compared to 18.5 percent for 2015.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses decreased 8.8 percent to $376.8 million for 2016 from $413.2 million for 2015. This decrease was primarily due to divestitures of $6.9 million and the impact of foreign currency translation of $33.8 million, partially offset by an increase in incentive compensation due to improved business performance. SG&A expenses were 11.3 percent of net sales for 2016 compared with 11.4 percent of net sales for 2015.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges were $26.9 million for 2016 compared with $40.0 million for 2015. Charges for both periods were primarily related to employee separation costs, relocation fees and professional fees incurred for services specifically associated with employee separation and relocation. Restructuring activities and associated costs during 2016 are anticipated to deliver annual run-rate savings of approximately $18.2 million with payback periods ranging from one to three years among the plans. We anticipate completion of the current restructuring programs by early 2018. Refer to Note 6 – Restructuring Charges, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Impairment Charges

Non-cash asset impairment charges were $51.4 million for 2016 compared with $45.9 million for 2015. In 2016, these charges were primarily related to plant closures and sales of businesses within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and Flexible Products & Services segments and information technology software identified as obsolete. Charges in 2015 related to Venezuelan property, plants, and equipment, information technology software identified as obsolete and plant closures within the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. Refer to Note 9 – Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements, within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Timberland Gains

There were no gains on timberland sales for 2016 compared with $24.3 million for 2015.

Gain on Disposal of Properties, Plants and Equipment, net

The gain on disposal of properties, plants, and equipment, net was $10.3 million and $7.0 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. Refer to Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Loss on Disposal of Businesses, net

The loss on disposal of businesses was $14.5 million and $9.2 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Operating Profit

Operating profit was $225.6 million for 2016 compared with $192.8 million for 2015. The $32.8 million increase consisted of increases of $57.5 million and $21.1 million in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services and the Flexible Products & Services segments, respectively, partially offset by decreases of $20.2 million and $25.6 million in the Paper Packaging & Services and Land Management segments, respectively. The primary factors that contributed to the $32.8 million increase, when compared to 2015, were improvements in gross profit margin, lower SG&A expenses, lower restructuring charges of $13.1 million, partially offset by lower timberland gains of $24.3 million, all described above.

EBITDA

EBITDA was $345.1 million and $325.0 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors impacting operating profit described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $127.7 million for 2016 compared with $134.6 million for 2015. The decrease in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was primarily due to foreign currency translation and the impact of divestitures, partially offset by an increase in the Paper Packaging & Services segment, that was primarily due to the completion of the Riverville mill modernization project completed in the second quarter of 2015.

Segment Review

Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services

Net sales decreased 10.1 percent to $2,324.2 million in 2016 from $2,586.4 million in 2015. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 7.6 percent, primarily attributable to the remeasurement of our Venezuelan operations in August of 2015, and a net volume decrease, primarily due to the impact of divestitures, partially offset by the impact of increases in prices and product mix due to the impact of strategic value and pricing decisions.

Gross profit was $489.4 million for 2016 compared with $463.4 million for 2015. The $26.0 million increase in gross profit was primarily due to the positive impact of strategic volume and pricing actions, cost containment efforts, decreases in raw material costs, and a $6.0 million net charge in 2015 related to the devaluation of inventory through costs of products sold in the Venezuelan operation of $9.3 million, net of operational gross margin contribution of the Venezuelan operation of $3.3 million. Gross profit margin increased to 21.1 percent from 17.9 percent in 2015.

Operating profit was $143.9 million for 2016 compared with $86.4 million for 2015. The $57.5 million increase was primarily attributable to the same factors impacting gross profit, a $25.4 million reduction in SG&A expenses and a reduction in restructuring costs of $10.6 million, partially offset by an increase of $4.6 million in loss on sales of properties, plants and equipment and businesses, net.

EBITDA was $223.8 million for 2016 compared with $179.5 million for 2015. The $44.3 million increase was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was

$84.6 million for 2016 compared with $94.0 million for 2015. The reduction in depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was primarily due to impact of divestitures.

Paper Packaging & Services

Net sales increased 1.6 percent to $687.1 million for 2016 compared with $676.1 million for 2015. Net volumes increased 6.1 percent from 2015 to 2016, primarily related to increased containerboard output largely due to the Riverville mill modernization project completed in the second quarter of 2015, and the addition of two product lines in the corrugator business. These increases were partially offset by selling price decreases of 4.6 percent, primarily due to a reduction in published containerboard index prices impacting 2016.

Gross profit was $144.5 million for 2016 compared with $163.5 million for 2015.Gross profit margin was 21.0 percent and 24.2 percent for 2016 and 2015, respectively. This decrease was due to an increase in input costs, primarily old corrugated container costs, during 2016 compared to 2015 and the decrease in selling prices described above.

Operating profit was $89.1 million for 2016 compared with $109.3 million for 2015. The decrease was primarily due to the same factors impacting net sales and gross profit, as described above.

EBITDA was $120.7 million for 2016 compared with $138.4 million for 2015.The decrease in EBITDA was primarily due to the same factors impacting net sales and gross profit, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $31.6 million and $28.7 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in depreciation, depletion and amortization was primarily due to the completion of the Riverville mill modernization project in the second quarter of 2015.

Flexible Products & Services

Net sales decreased 10.7 percent to $288.1 million for 2016 compared with $322.6 million for 2015. This decrease was attributable to volume decreases of 6.7 percent and the negative impact of foreign currency translation of 3.5 percent for 2016 compared with 2015.

Gross profit was $42.0 million for 2016 compared with $33.8 million for 2015. This increase was mainly due to improved margins as a result of strategic volume and pricing decisions and reductions in fixed and variable productions costs, partially offset by $1.2 million in costs associated with the move to an in-house labor model in Turkey. Gross profit margin increased to 14.6 percent for 2016 from 10.5 percent for 2015.

Operating loss was $15.5 million for 2016 compared with an operating loss of $36.6 million for 2015. This improvement in operating loss was primarily due to the same factors impacting the segment's gross profit, as well as SG&A cost savings of $12.3 million realized as part of our transformation efforts.

EBITDA was negative $11.3 million for 2016 compared with negative $29.9 million for 2015. This improvement was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating loss, as described above. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $7.7 million for 2016 compared with $8.6 million for 2015, respectively.

Land Management

Net sales were $24.2 million and $31.6 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in net sales was primarily due to the sale of our remaining 5,200 acres of development properties in Canada during the fourth quarter of 2015.

Operating profit decreased to $8.1 million for 2016 from $33.7 million for 2015. This decrease was due to no timberland gains in 2016, compared with $24.3 million of timberland gains in 2015 and lower net sales in 2016.

EBITDA was $11.9 million and $37.0 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. This decrease was due to the same factors that impacted the segment's operating profit. Depreciation, depletion and amortization expense was $3.8 million for 2016 compared with $3.3 million for 2015.

As of October 31, 2016, we estimated that there were 20,803 acres in the United States of special use property, which we expect will be available for sale in the next five to seven years.

Other Income Statement Changes

Interest Expense, net

Interest expense, net was $75.4 million and $74.8 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. This increase was a result of mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interest adjustments to redemption value recorded in 2016.

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net was $9.0 million and $3.2 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in other expense was due to a net gain of $4.9 million related to the remeasurement of our Venezuelan monetary assets and liabilities during 2015.

U.S. and Non-U.S. Income before Income Tax Expense

Income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 39.0 percent to 35.3 percent for the years ended October 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. After eliminating the impact of timberland gains, restructuring charges, noncash asset impairment charges, acquisition-related costs, gains and losses on the sales of businesses, remeasurement of our Venezuelan monetary assets and liabilities and the Venezuelan non-monetary inventory adjustment to net realizable value, income before income tax expense derived from non-U.S. operations as a percentage of consolidated income before income tax expense decreased from 53.9 percent to 50.0 percent for the years ended October 31, 2015 and 2016, respectively. Refer to the following tables for details of the U.S and non-U.S income before income taxes results for the periods presented.

Income Tax Expense

We had operations in over 45 countries during 2016. Operations outside of the United States are subject to additional risks that may not exist, or be as significant, within the United States. Our global operations in these countries results in the need to address complex and varying tax systems on a constantly changing basis.

Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses as of the balance sheet date. The multitude of tax jurisdictions, with varying laws, creates a level of uncertainty, and significant judgment is required when addressing the complex tax systems. Our effective tax rate and the amount of taxes we pay are dependent upon various factors, including the following: the laws and regulations of the tax jurisdictions in which income is earned; the recognition of permanent book/tax basis differences realized through the non-deductible write-off of goodwill allocated to divestitures and impairment of other intangibles; the ability to realize deferred tax assets at

certain international subsidiaries; negotiation and dispute resolution with taxing authorities in the U.S. and international jurisdictions; and changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative rulings and common law.

The provision for income taxes is computed using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized currently for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. This method includes an estimate of the future realization of tax losses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the currently enacted tax rates that apply to taxable income in effect for the years in which those tax assets are expected to be realized or settled.

The effective tax rate for 2016 was 47.1 percent compared to 42.2 percent for 2015. The primary items that increased the 2015 effective tax rate from the federal statutory rate were the exchange rate change impacting the balance sheet for our Venezuela business, unrecognized tax benefits, net increase in valuation allowances, withholding taxes and the non-deductible write-off of goodwill allocated to divestitures and impairment of other intangibles. Cumulatively, these items impacted the 2015 effective tax rate by approximately 14.0 percent.

The primary items which increased our effective income tax rate from the federal statutory rate in 2016 were non-deductible expenses, such as the write-off of goodwill allocated to divestitures and impairments, withholding taxes, unrecognized tax benefits, state and local taxes, net of federal tax benefit, the net impact of changes in valuation allowances due to changes in circumstances in several legal entities and other tax items. Cumulatively, these items impacted our 2016 effective income tax rate by approximately 28.0 percent. This increase was offset by the impact of foreign tax rates and permanent book-tax differences, which decreased our effective income tax rate by approximately 15.9 percent in 2016. In both 2016 and 2015, the items that materially increased our effective income tax rate from the federal statutory rate were related to non-U.S. operations.

During 2016, the valuation allowance account increased by $2.6 million, which consisted of the following: $0.8 million of increases due to currency translation; $2.2 million of net increases in new valuation allowances; and $0.4 million of net incremental decreases against net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets. The impact of the increase in valuation allowances was not material to our 2016 effective tax rate.

During 2015, the valuation allowance account decreased by $19.0 million, which consisted of the following: $17.9 million of decreases due to currency translation; $3.4 million of net increases in new valuation allowances; and $4.5 million of net incremental decreases against net operating losses and other net deferred tax assets. The impact of the decrease in valuation allowances was not material to our 2015 effective tax rate.

We analyze potential income tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions in the United States and international jurisdictions. The analysis of potential income tax liabilities results in estimates of income tax liabilities recognized for uncertain tax positions following the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 740, "Income Taxes." The estimation of potential tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions involves significant judgment in evaluating the impact of uncertainties in the application of ASC 740 and other complex tax laws. We periodically analyze both potential income tax liabilities and existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions resulting in both new reserves and adjustments to existing reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances. This includes the release of existing liabilities for uncertain tax positions based on the expiration of statutes of limitation. During 2016 and 2015, recognition of uncertain tax positions increased due to new positions primarily attributable to non-U.S. jurisdictions.

The ultimate resolution of potential income tax liabilities may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimates of income tax liabilities recognized as liabilities for uncertain tax positions. If our estimates recognized under the standards of ASC 740 prove to be different than what is ultimately determined, there is inherent risk that such resolution could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

While it is often difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of any particular tax matter, we believe that our tax accounts related to uncertain tax positions are appropriately stated.

As of October 31, 2016, we had not recognized U.S. deferred income taxes on a cumulative total of $557.0 million of undistributed earnings from certain non-U.S. subsidiaries. Our intention is to reinvest these earnings indefinitely outside the U.S., or to repatriate the earnings only when it is tax-efficient to do so. Therefore, no U.S. tax provision has been accrued related to the repatriation of these earnings. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of any additional taxes which may be payable on the undistributed earnings given the various alternatives we could employ should we decide to repatriate these earnings in the future.

Refer to Note 11 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Equity Earnings of Unconsolidated Affiliates, net of Tax

We recorded $0.8 million of equity earnings of unconsolidated affiliates, net of tax, for each of 2016 and 2015.

Net (Income) Loss Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests represents the portion of earnings or losses from the operations of our non-wholly owned, consolidated subsidiaries that belongs to the noncontrolling interests in those subsidiaries. Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was $(0.6) million and $4.7 million for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests was due to the overall decrease in the net operating loss of the Flexible Packaging JV in 2016 compared to 2015.

Net Income Attributable to Greif, Inc.

Based on the factors noted above, net income attributable to Greif, Inc. increased $3.0 million to $74.9 million in 2016 from $71.9 million in 2015.

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME CHANGES

Foreign currency translation

In accordance with ASC 830, "Foreign Currency Matters," the assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are translated into United States Dollars at the rate of exchange existing at the end of the current period, and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates over the month in which they are incurred. The cumulative translation adjustments, which represent the effects of translating assets, liabilities and operations of our international subsidiaries, are presented in the consolidated statements of changes in equity in accumulated other comprehensive loss. Other comprehensive income resulting from foreign currency translation for 2017 was $37.6 million . Other comprehensive loss resulting from foreign currency translation for 2016 was $17.6 million.

Minimum pension liability, net

Change in minimum pension liability, net of tax for 2017 and 2016 was $14.2 million and $(7.4) million, respectively. The comprehensive income in 2017, resulting from the change in minimum pension liability, net was primarily due to settlements of $27.8 million that occurred during 2017 as compared to none in 2016.

BALANCE SHEET CHANGES

Working capital changes

The $47.8 million increase in accounts receivable to $447.0 million as of October 31, 2017 from $399.2 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to increased net sales and timing of collections.

The $2.1 million increase in inventories to $279.5 million as of October 31, 2017 from $277.4 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to increased raw material prices.

The $27.2 million increase in accounts payable to $399.2 million as of October 31, 2017 from $372.0 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to increased raw material prices and the timing of payments.

Other balance sheet changes

The $12.6 million decrease in other intangible assets to $98.0 million as of October 31, 2017 from $110.6 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to amortization expense of $13.5 million recognized during 2017 partially offset by foreign currency translation.

The $16.5 million increase in properties, plants and equipment, net to $1,188.4 million as of October 31, 2017 from $1,171.9 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to capital expenditures partially offset by depreciation, non-cash asset impairments, and divestitures completed during the twelve months ended October 31, 2017 .

The $36.8 million decrease in long-term debt to $937.8 million as of October 31, 2017 from $974.6 million as of October 31, 2016 was attributable to repayments resulting from improved operating cash flows year over year.

The $20.9 million decrease in foreign currency translation loss to $249.3 million as of October 31, 2017 from a loss of $270.2 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to changes in several key foreign currencies compared with the U.S. dollar in addition to the recognition of accumulated foreign currency translation upon the disposal of foreign entities.

The $26.1 million increase in noncontrolling interest to $36.6 million as of October 31, 2017 from $10.5 million as of October 31, 2016 was primarily due to increased earnings of consolidated joint ventures and foreign currency translation partially offset by deconsolidation of nonstrategic businesses.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our primary sources of liquidity are operating cash flows and borrowings under our senior secured credit facility and the senior notes we have issued and, to a lesser extent, proceeds from our trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale of our non-United States accounts receivable. We use these sources to fund our working capital needs, capital expenditures, cash dividends, common stock repurchases and acquisitions. We anticipate continuing to fund these items in a like manner. We currently expect that operating cash flows, borrowings under our senior secured credit facility, proceeds from our U.S. trade accounts receivable credit facility and proceeds from the sale of our non-United States accounts receivable will be sufficient to fund our anticipated working capital, capital expenditures, cash dividends, debt repayment, potential acquisitions of businesses and other liquidity needs for at least 12 months. However, if funds held outside the U.S. are needed for operations in the U.S., we would be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes to repatriate them. For those international earnings considered to be permanently reinvested, we currently have no plans or intentions to repatriate such funds for U.S. operations.

Capital Expenditures

During 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , we invested $100.1 million (excluding $9.5 million for purchases of and investments in timber properties), $101.1 million (excluding $7.1 million for purchases of and investments in timber properties), and $141.3 million (excluding $38.4 million for purchases of and investments in timber properties) in capital expenditures, respectively.

We anticipate future capital expenditures, excluding the potential purchases of and investments in timber properties, ranging from $100.0 million to $120.0 million during the year ending October 31, 2018 . These expenditures will replace and improve existing equipment and fund new facilities.

Sale of Non-United States Accounts Receivable

On April 27, 2012, Cooperage Receivables Finance B.V. (the "Main SPV") and Greif Coordination Center BVBA, our indirect wholly owned subsidiary ("Seller"), entered into the Nieuw Amsterdam Receivables Purchase Agreement (the "European RPA") with affiliates of a major international bank (the "Purchasing Bank Affiliates"). On April 18, 2017, the Main SPV and Seller amended and extended the term of the existing European RPA. Under the European RPA, as amended, the maximum amount of receivables that may be sold and outstanding under the European RPA at any time is €100 million ($116.1 million as of October 31, 2017). Under the terms of the European RPA, we have the ability to loan excess cash back to the Purchasing Bank Affiliates in the form of a subordinated loan receivable. As of October 31, 2015, we had loaned $44.2 million of excess cash back to the Purchasing Bank Affiliates, which was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets. During the first quarter of 2016, we collected $44.2 million that had been so loaned to the Purchasing Bank Affiliates.

Under the terms of the European RPA, we have agreed to sell trade receivables meeting certain eligibility requirements that the Seller had purchased from other of our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries under a factoring agreement. The structure of the transactions provide for a legal true sale, on a revolving basis, of the receivables transferred from our various subsidiaries to the respective banks and their affiliates. The purchaser funds an initial purchase price of a certain percentage of eligible receivables based on a formula, with the initial purchase price approximating 75 percent to 90 percent of eligible receivables. The remaining deferred purchase price is settled upon collection of the receivables. At the balance sheet reporting dates, we remove from accounts receivable the amount of proceeds received from the initial purchase price since they meet the applicable criteria of ASC 860, "Transfers and Servicing," and we continue to recognize the deferred purchase price in prepaid expenses and other current assets or other current liabilities. The receivables are sold on a non-recourse basis with the total funds in the servicing collection accounts pledged to the banks between settlement dates.

In October 2007, Greif Singapore Pte. Ltd., our indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into the Singapore Receivable Purchase Agreement (the "Singapore RPA") with a major international bank. The maximum amount of aggregate receivables that may be financed under the Singapore RPA is 15.0 million Singapore Dollars ($11.0 million as of October 31, 2017). Under the terms of the Singapore RPA, we have agreed to sell trade receivables in exchange for an initial purchase price of approximately 90 percent of the eligible receivables. The remaining deferred purchase price is settled upon collection of the receivables.

Refer to Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding these various RPAs.

Acquisitions and Divestitures

During 2017 , we completed two divestitures of businesses in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment, completed no acquisitions, deconsolidated two nonstrategic businesses ( one in the Flexible Products & Services segment and one in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment) and liquidated two non-U.S. nonstrategic businesses in the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment. The loss on disposal of businesses was $1.7 million for the year ended October 31, 2017 . Proceeds from divestitures were $5.1 million for the year ended October 31, 2017 . Proceeds from divestitures that were completed in fiscal year 2015 and collected during the year ended October 31, 2017 were $0.8 million . We have $4.3 million of notes receivable recorded from the sale of businesses, ranging in remaining terms of up to fourteen months.

Refer to Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for disclosures regarding our acquisitions and divestitures.

Borrowing Arrangements

Long-term debt is summarized as follows:

2017 Credit Agreement

On November 3, 2016, we and certain of our international subsidiaries entered into a new senior secured credit agreement (the "2017 Credit Agreement") with a syndicate of financial institutions. The 2017 Credit Agreement replaced in its entirety the $1.0 billion senior secured credit agreement we entered into on December 19, 2012, with two of our international subsidiaries ("Prior Credit Agreement") and with a syndicate of financial institutions. The total available borrowing under the 2017 Credit Agreement was $753.1 million as of October 31, 2017, which has been reduced by $11.9 million for outstanding letters of credit, all of which was then available without violating covenants.

The 2017 Credit Agreement provides for an $800.0 million revolving multicurrency credit facility expiring November 3, 2021, and a $300.0 million term loan, with quarterly principal installments that commenced on April 30, 2017, through maturity on November 3, 2021, both with an option to add an aggregate of $550.0 million to the facilities with the agreement of the lenders. We used the proceeds of the term loan on February 1, 2017, to repay the principal of our $300.0 million 6.75% Senior Notes that matured on that date. The revolving credit facility is available to fund ongoing working capital and capital expenditure needs, for general corporate purposes, and to finance acquisitions. Interest is based on either a Eurodollar rate or a base rate that resets periodically plus a calculated margin amount. On November 3, 2016, a total of approximately $208.0 million was used to pay the obligations outstanding under the Prior Credit Agreement in full and certain costs and expenses incurred in connection with the 2017 Credit Agreement. The financing costs associated with the 2017 Credit Agreement totaled $5.6 million as of October 31, 2017, and are recorded as a direct deduction from the long-term debt liability.

The 2017 Credit Agreement contains certain covenants, which include financial covenants that require us to maintain a certain leverage ratio and an interest coverage ratio. The leverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) our total consolidated indebtedness, to (b) our net income plus depreciation, depletion, and amortization,

interest expense (including capitalized interest), and income taxes, minus certain extraordinary gains and non-recurring gains (or plus certain extraordinary losses and non-recurring losses) and plus or minus certain other items for the preceding twelve months ("adjusted EBITDA") to be greater than 4.00 to 1.00 (or 3.75 to 1.00, during any collateral release period). The interest coverage ratio generally requires that at the end of any fiscal quarter we will not permit the ratio of (a) adjusted EBITDA, to (b) the consolidated interest expense to the extent paid or payable, to be less than 3.00 to 1.00, during the applicable preceding twelve month period. As of October 31, 2017, we were in compliance with these covenants.

The terms of the 2017 Credit Agreement limit our ability to make "restricted payments", which include dividends and purchases, redemptions and acquisitions of our equity interests. The repayment of this facility is secured by a security interest in our personal property and certain of our United States subsidiaries, including equipment and inventory and certain intangible assets, as well as a pledge of the capital stock of substantially all of our United States subsidiaries and will be secured, in part, by the capital stock of the non-U.S. borrowers. However, in the event that we receive and maintain an investment grade rating from either Moody's Investors Service, Inc. or Standard & Poor's Corporation, we may request the release of such collateral. The Payment of outstanding principal under the 2017 Credit Agreement and accrued interest thereon may be accelerated and become immediately due and payable upon our default in payment or other performance obligations or failure to comply with the financial and other covenants in the 2017 Credit Agreement, subject to applicable notice requirements and cure periods as provided in the 2017 Credit Agreement.

As of October 31, 2017, $323.8 million was outstanding under the 2017 Credit Agreement. The current portion of the 2017 Credit Agreement was $15.0 million and the long-term portion was $308.8 million. The weighted average interest rate on the 2017 Credit Agreement was 2.19% for the year ended October 31, 2017. The actual interest rate on the 2017 Credit Agreement was 2.70% as of October 31, 2017.

Refer to Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding the replaced Prior Credit Agreement and the new 2017 Credit Agreement.

Senior Notes

On February 9, 2007, we issued $300.0 million of 6.75% Senior Notes due February 1, 2017. These Senior Notes were paid in full on February 1, 2017 with $300.0 million of term loan proceeds borrowed under the 2017 Credit Agreement.

We have issued $250.0 million of our 7.75% Senior Notes due August 1, 2019. Proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes were principally used for general corporate purposes, including the repayment of amounts outstanding under our revolving multicurrency credit facility under our then-existing credit agreement, without any permanent reduction of the commitments thereunder. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of Greif, Inc. only, provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.75% and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on August 1, 2019. These Senior Notes are not guaranteed by any of our subsidiaries and thereby are effectively subordinated to all of our subsidiaries' existing and future indebtedness. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other things, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of October 31, 2017 , we were in compliance with these covenants.

Our Luxembourg subsidiary has issued €200.0 million of 7.375% Senior Notes due July 15, 2021. These Senior Notes are fully and unconditionally guaranteed on a senior basis by Greif, Inc. A portion of the proceeds from the issuance of these Senior Notes was used to repay non-U.S. borrowings under the 2010 Credit Agreement, without any permanent reduction of the commitments thereunder, with the remaining proceeds available for general corporate purposes, including the financing of acquisitions. These Senior Notes are general unsecured obligations of the Luxembourg subsidiary and Greif, Inc. and provide for semi-annual payments of interest at a fixed rate of 7.375%, and do not require any principal payments prior to maturity on July 15, 2021. The Indenture pursuant to which these Senior Notes were issued contains covenants, which, among other matters, limit our ability to create liens on our assets to secure debt and to enter into sale and leaseback transactions. These covenants are subject to a number of limitations and exceptions as set forth in the Indenture. As of October 31, 2017 , we were in compliance with these covenants.

Refer to Note 8 and Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures regarding the Senior Notes discussed above.

United States Trade Accounts Receivable Credit Facility

On September 28, 2016, certain of our domestic subsidiaries entered into a receivables financing facility (the "Receivables Facility") with Cooperatieve Rabobank U.A., New York Branch ("Rabobank"), as the agent, managing agent, administrator and committed investor. The financing facility was renewed and amended on September 27, 2017 to extend the facility through September 26, 2018 and to add The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ Ltd. as a managing agent, an administrator and a committed investor. The

maximum amount available to be borrowed under the Receivables Facility is $150.0 million, subject to the amounts of eligible receivables.

The Receivables Facility matures in September 2018. In addition, we can terminate the Receivables Facility at any time upon five days prior written notice. The Receivables Facility is secured by certain of our United States trade accounts receivables and bears interest at a variable rate based on the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or an applicable base rate, plus a margin, or a commercial paper rate plus a margin. Interest is payable on a monthly basis and the principal balance is payable upon termination of the Receivables Facility. The Receivables Facility also contains certain covenants and events of default, which are materially similar to the Credit Agreement covenants. As of October 31, 2017, we were in compliance with these covenants. Proceeds of the Receivables Facility are available for working capital and general corporate purposes. As of October 31, 2017, the outstanding balance under the Receivables Facility was $150 million.

Refer to Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for disclosures regarding the Receivables Facility.

Other

In addition to the amounts borrowed under the 2017 Credit Agreement and proceeds from the Senior Notes and the Receivables Facility, as of October 31, 2017 , we had outstanding other debt of $6.5 million in long-term debt and $14.5 million in short-term borrowings. There are no financial covenants associated with other debt.

As of October 31, 2017 , annual maturities, including the current portion of long-term debt under the Company's various financing arrangements, are $165.0 million in 2018 , $268.7 million in 2019 , $30.0 million in 2020 , $254.0 million in 2021 , $241.3 million in 2022 and $0.2 million thereafter.

As of October 31, 2017 and 2016 , the Company had deferred financing fees and debt issuance costs of $ 6.4 million and $4.2 million, respectively. Refer to Note 8 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for disclosures regarding the deferred financing fees.

Financial Instruments

Interest Rate Derivatives

During the first quarter of 2017 we entered into a forward interest rate swap with a notional amount of $300.0 million.  As of February 1, 2017, we began to receive variable rate interest payments based upon one month U.S. dollar LIBOR and in return pay a fixed spread, depending on our leverage ratio, over the borrowing cost as defined in the 2017 Credit Agreement. This effectively converted the borrowing rate on $300.0 million of debt under the 2017 Credit Agreement from a variable rate to a fixed rate of 1.194%. This derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge for accounting purposes. Accordingly, the effective portion of any gain or loss on this derivative instrument is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of any gain or loss on the derivative instrument is recognized into earnings.

Losses reclassified to earnings under this contract were $0.3 million for the year ended October 31, 2017 . These losses were recorded within the consolidated statements of income as interest expense, net. As of October 31, 2016 we had no interest rate derivatives, and during the year ended October 31, 2015, interest rate derivatives in place did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Refer to Note 18 of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures of the gain or loss included in other comprehensive income. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of the interest rate derivative are considered level 2 inputs, which are based upon LIBOR and interest paid based upon a designated fixed rate over the life of the swap agreements.

Foreign Exchange Hedges

We conduct business in international currencies and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign exchange rates. Our objective is to reduce volatility associated with foreign exchange rate changes to allow management to focus its attention on business operations. Accordingly, we enter into various contracts that change in value as foreign exchange rates change to protect the value of certain existing foreign currency assets and liabilities, commitments and anticipated foreign currency revenues and expenses.

As of October 31, 2017 , we had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts in the notional amount of $80.1 million ($78.9 million as of October 31, 2016 ). At October 31, 2017 , these derivative instruments were designated and qualified as fair value hedges. Adjustments to fair value for fair value hedges are recognized in earnings, offsetting the impact of the hedged item. The assumptions used in measuring fair value of foreign exchange hedges are considered level 2 inputs, which were based on observable market pricing for similar instruments, principally foreign exchange futures contracts. Realized losses recorded in other expense, net under fair value contracts were $1.8 million , $2.7 million and $6.0 million for the twelve months ended October 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively.

Contractual Obligations

As of October 31, 2017 , we had the following contractual obligations:

Environmental reserves are estimates based on current remediation plans; actual liabilities could significantly differ from the reserve estimates.

There are no near-term pension funding obligations and the amount of obligations in future years is not reasonably estimable, therefore, they have been excluded from the contractual obligations table. We intend to make pension contributions of $22.1 million during 2018, which consists of $16.9 million of employer contributions and $5.2 million of benefits paid directly by the employer. These contributions are not contractually obligated, and therefore, not included in the table above.

Our unrecognized tax benefits under ASC 740, "Income Taxes" have been excluded from the contractual obligations table because of the inherent uncertainty and the inability to reasonably estimate the timing of cash outflows.

Stock Repurchase Program and Other Share Acquisitions

Our Board of Directors has authorized the purchase of Class A Common Stock or Class B Common Stock or any combination of the foregoing up to 4,703,487 shares as of October 31, 2017. Refer to Note 14 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding this program and the repurchase of shares of Class A and B Common Stock.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation did not have a material impact on our operations during 2017 , 2016 or 2015 .

Critical Accounting Policies

A summary of our significant accounting policies is included in Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. We believe that the consistent application of these policies enables us to provide readers of the consolidated financial statements with useful and reliable information about our results of operations and financial condition. The following are the accounting policies that we believe are most important to the portrayal of our results of operations and financial condition and require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments.

Other items that could have a significant impact on the financial statements include the risks and uncertainties listed in Part I, Item 1A – Risk Factors. Actual results could differ materially using different estimates and assumptions, or if conditions are significantly different in the future.

Assets and Liabilities Held for Sale. Assets and liabilities held for sale represent land, buildings and land improvements less accumulated depreciation as well as any other assets or liabilities that are held for sale in conjunction with the sale of a business. We record assets and liabilities held for sale in accordance with ASC 360 "Property, Plant, and Equipment," at the lower of carrying value or fair value less cost to sell. Fair value is based on the estimated proceeds from the sale of the facility utilizing recent purchase offers, market comparables and/or data obtained from our commercial real estate broker. Our estimate as to fair value is regularly reviewed and subject to changes in the commercial real estate markets and our continuing evaluation as to the facility's acceptable sale price. See Note 4 and Note 9 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding assets and liabilities held for sale.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangibles Impairment Testing. We account for goodwill in accordance with ASC 350, "Intangibles – Goodwill and Other." Under ASC 350, purchased goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment either annually or when events and circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. Our goodwill impairment assessment is performed by reporting unit. A reporting unit is the operating segment, or a business one level below that operating segment (the component level) if discrete financial information is prepared and regularly reviewed by segment management. However, components are aggregated as a single reporting unit if they have similar economic characteristics. In conducting the annual impairment tests, the estimated fair value of each of our reporting units is compared to its carrying amount including goodwill. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying amount, then no impairment exists. If the carrying amount exceeds the estimated fair value, further analysis is performed to assess impairment.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, we performed an assessment of our operating segments and determined that as a result of changes in the way the chief operating decision maker receives and reviews financial information, a realignment of our operating segment and reporting unit structure was necessary. As of our annual goodwill impairment testing date of August 1, 2017, our reporting units of the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment were realigned to consist of Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – North America; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Latin America; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Europe, Middle East and Africa; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Asia Pacific; and Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Tri-Sure. As a result of the realignment, goodwill was reassigned to each of the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services reporting units using a relative fair value approach. There have been no changes to the reporting units of the Paper Packaging & Services; Flexible Products & Services; and Land Management segments. No reporting units were aggregated for purposes of conducting the annual impairment test.

The Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment consists of five operating segments: Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – North America; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Latin America; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Europe, Middle East and Africa; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Asia Pacific; and Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Tri-Sure. Each of these operating segments consists of multiple components that have discrete financial information available that is reviewed by segment management on a regular basis. We have evaluated these components and concluded that they are economically similar and should be aggregated into five separate reporting units. For the purpose of aggregating our components, we review the long-term performance of gross profit margin and operating profit margin. Additionally, we review qualitative factors such as common customers, similar products, similar manufacturing processes, sharing of resources, level of integration, and interdependency of processes across components. We place greater weight on the qualitative factors outlined in ASC 280 "Segment Reporting" and consider the guidance in ASC 350 in determining whether two or more components of an operating segment are economically similar and can be aggregated into a single reporting unit. However, our assessment of the aggregation includes both qualitative and quantitative factors and is based on the facts and circumstances specific to the components.

The estimated fair value of the reporting units utilized in the impairment test is based on a discounted cash flow analysis or income approach and market multiple approach. Under this method, the principal valuation focus is on the reporting unit's cash-generating capabilities. The discount rates used for impairment testing are based on our weighted average cost of capital. The use of alternative estimates, peer groups or changes in the industry, or adjusting the discount rate, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion and amortization multiples or price earnings ratios used could affect the estimated fair value of the assets and potentially result in impairment. Any identified impairment would result in an adjustment to our results of operations.

We performed our annual goodwill impairment test in the fourth quarter of 2017 as of August 1. This test resulted in no impairment charges for reporting units Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – North America; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Europe, Middle East and Africa; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Asia Pacific; Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services – Tri-Sure; and Paper Packaging & Services. Our Flexible Products & Services and Land Management reporting units have no goodwill and therefore no impairment test was required. As of August 1, 2017 , the estimated fair value of each of these reporting units was deemed to substantially exceed the carrying amount of assets and liabilities assigned to each reporting unit. Due to the realignment of our reporting units in the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded an impairment charge of $13.0 million, which represented goodwill associated with the Rigid Industrial Packaging & Services segment as the carrying amount of the Rigid

Industrial Packaging & Services – Latin America reporting unit exceeded its fair value. Our annual impairment tests in 2016 and 2015 resulted in no goodwill impairment charges. Refer to Note 5 in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of goodwill by reporting unit for the ended October 31, 2017 and 2016 :

We test for impairment of indefinite-lived intangible assets during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year as of August 1, or more frequently if certain indicators are present or changes in circumstances suggest that impairment may exist.

Long-lived Asset Impairment Testing. Long-lived assets are grouped together at the lowest level, generally at the plant level, for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of cash flows of other groups of long-lived assets. As events warrant, we evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, other than goodwill and other intangible assets, by assessing whether the carrying value can be recovered over their remaining useful lives through the expected future undiscounted operating cash flows of the underlying asset groups. Impairment indicators include, but are not limited to, a significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset; a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset is being used or in its physical condition; a significant adverse change in legal factors or the business climate that could affect the value of a long-lived asset; an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of a long-lived asset; current period operating or cash flow losses combined with a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset; or a current expectation that it is more likely than not that a long-lived asset will be sold or otherwise disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life. Future decisions to change our manufacturing processes, exit certain businesses, reduce excess capacity, temporarily idle facilities and close facilities could result in material impairment charges. Any impairment loss that may be required is determined by comparing the carrying value of the assets to their estimated fair value.

See Note 9 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the fair value of our long-lived assets.

Income Taxes. Preparation of our financial statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities and revenues and expenses. The multitude of tax jurisdictions in which we operate requires significant judgment when applying the complex tax regulations to estimate our global tax position. Our effective tax rate and the amount of taxes we pay are dependent upon various factors including the following: the laws and regulations, and varying tax rates of the country tax jurisdictions in which income is earned; the recognition of permanent book/tax basis differences realized through acquisitions, divestitures and asset impairments; the ability to realize long term deferred tax assets at certain international subsidiaries; negotiation and dispute resolution with taxing authorities in the U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions arising from federal, state and local country tax audits; and changes in tax laws, regulations, administrative rulings and common law.

Refer to Note 11 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion.

Pension and Postretirement Benefits . Pension and postretirement assumptions are significant inputs to the actuarial models that measure pension and postretirement benefit obligations and related effects on operations. Two assumptions – discount rate and expected return on assets – are important elements of plan expense and asset/liability measurement. We evaluate these critical assumptions at least annually on a plan and country-specific basis. At least annually, we evaluate other assumptions involving

demographic factors, such as retirement age, mortality and turnover, and update them to reflect our experience and expectations for the future. Actual results in any given year will often differ from actuarial assumptions because of economic and other factors.

Accumulated and projected benefit obligations are measured as the present value of future cash payments. We discount those cash payments using the weighted average of market-observed yields for high quality fixed income securities with maturities that correspond to the payment of benefits. Lower discount rates increase present values and subsequent-year pension expense; higher discount rates decrease present values and subsequent-year pension expense.

Our weighted discount rates for consolidated pension plans at October 31, 2017 , 2016 and 2015 were 3.01%, 3.08% and 3.71%, respectively, reflecting market interest rates.

To develop the expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption, we use a generally consistent approach worldwide. The approach considers various sources, primarily inputs from a range of advisors, inflation, bond yields, historical returns and future expectations for returns for each asset class, as well as the target asset allocation of each pension portfolio. This rate is gross of any investment or administrative expenses. Assets in our principal pension plans earned approximately 6.1% in 2017 . Based on our analysis of future expectations of asset performance, past return results, and our current and expected asset allocations, we have assumed a 4.53% long-term expected return on those assets for cost recognition in 2018 . This is a reduction from the 5.39%, 5.51% and 5.47% long-term expected return we had assumed in 2017 , 2016 and 2015 , respectively.

Changes in key assumptions for our consolidated pension and postretirement plans would have the following effects.

Further discussion of our pension and postretirement benefit plans and related assumptions is contained in Note 12 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition . We recognize revenue when title passes to customers or services have been rendered, with appropriate provision for returns and allowances. Revenue is recognized in accordance with ASC 605, "Revenue Recognition."

Timberland disposals, timber and special use property revenues are recognized when closings have occurred, required down payments have been received, title and possession have been transferred to the buyer, and all other criteria for sale and profit recognition have been satisfied.

We report the sale of timberland property in "timberland gains," the sale of HBU and surplus property in "gain on disposal of properties, plants and equipment, net" and the sale of timber and development property under "net sales" and "cost of products sold" in our consolidated statements of income. All HBU and development property, together with surplus property, is used to productively grow and sell timber until the property is sold.

Variable Interest Entities. We evaluate whether an entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") and determine if the primary beneficiary status is appropriate on a quarterly basis. We consolidate VIE's for which we are the primary beneficiary. If we are not the primary beneficiary and an ownership interest is held, the VIE is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. When assessing the determination of the primary beneficiary, we consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including: the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb the expected losses and/or the right to receive the expected returns of the VIE.

Flexible Packaging Joint Venture

In 2010, we formed a joint venture (referred to herein as the "Flexible Packaging JV") with Dabbagh Group Holding Company Limited and one of its subsidiaries, originally National Scientific Company Limited and now Gulf Refined Packaging for Industrial Packaging Company LTD ("GRP"). The Flexible Packaging JV owns the operations in the Flexible Products & Services segment. The Flexible Packaging JV has been consolidated into our operations as of its formation date of September 29, 2010.

All entities contributed to the Flexible Packaging JV were existing businesses acquired by us and were reorganized under Greif Flexibles Asset Holding B.V. and Greif Flexibles Trading Holding B.V. ("Asset Co." and "Trading Co."), respectively. The Flexible Packaging JV also included Global Textile Company LLC ("Global Textile"), which owned and operated a fabric hub in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia that commenced operations in the fourth quarter of 2012, but ceased operations in the fourth quarter of 2014. We have 51 percent ownership in Trading Co. and 49 percent ownership in Asset Co. and Global Textile. However, we and

GRP have equal economic interests in the Flexible Packaging JV, notwithstanding the actual ownership interests in the various legal entities. All investments, loans and capital contributions are to be shared equally by us and GRP and each partner has committed to contribute capital of up to $150.0 million and obtain third party financing for up to $150.0 million as required.

The Flexible Packaging JV is deemed to be a VIE since the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the legal entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from us. We are the primary beneficiary because we have (1) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance, and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

Recent Accounting Standards

See Note 1 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for a detailed description of recently issued and newly adopted accounting standards.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to interest rate risk related to our financial instruments that include borrowings under the 2017 Credit Agreement, proceeds from our Senior Notes and Receivables Facility, and interest rate swap agreements. We do not enter into financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. The interest rate swap agreements have been entered into to manage our exposure to variability in interest rates.

We have an interest rate swap agreement with an aggregate notional amount of $300 million as of October 31, 2017. The interest rate swap agreement is used to manage our fixed and floating rate debt mix. Under certain of these agreements, we receive interest monthly from the counterparties equal to LIBOR and pay interest at a fixed rate over the life of the contracts. A loss on interest rate swap contracts was recorded in the amount of $0.3 million and $0.2 million as of October 31, 2017 and 2015, respectively. As of October 31, 2016 , we had no interest rate derivatives.

The tables below provide information about our derivative financial instruments and other financial instruments that are sensitive to changes in interest rates. For the Prior Credit Agreement, 2017 Credit Agreement, Senior Notes and the Receivables Facility, the tables present scheduled amortizations of principal and the weighted average interest rate by contractual maturity dates as of October 31, 2017 and 2016 .

The fair values of our Prior Credit Agreement, 2017 Credit Agreement, Senior Notes and Receivables Facility are based on rates available to us for debt of the same remaining maturity as of October 31, 2017 and 2016 .

Financial Instruments

As of October 31, 2017 (Dollars in millions)

(1) Variable rate specified is based on LIBOR or an alternative base rate plus a calculated margin as of October 31, 2017 . The rates presented are not intended to project our expectations for the future.

Financial Instruments

As of October 31, 2016 (Dollars in millions)